Table 1.

WHO classification of tumors subsumed under the category “Malignant glioma”

Tumor type	WHO grade	Aberrant pathways
Anaplastic astrocytoma	III	p53, MDM2, Rb
Anaplastic oligodendroglioma	III	p53, PTEN, Rb,
Anaplastic oligoastrocytoma	III	p53, PTEN, Rb
Glioblastoma multiforme	IV	EGFR, PTEN, p16, VEGF, MDM2
– Primary (de novo)		p53, PDGFR, p16, Rb, VEGF
– Secondary

Abbreviations: EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10; PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; Rb, retinoblastoma; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; MDM2, murine double minute 2; WHO, World Health Organization.