Table 2.

Hemodynamic measurements during the cooling trial

	Young		Older
Variable	Baseline	Cooling	Baseline	Cooling
Left atrial diameter, cm	2.86 ± 0.13	2.86 ± 0.14	3.21 ± 0.14	3.27 ± 0.14
IDd, cm	4.70 ± 0.10	4.78 ± 0.10	4.69 ± 0.12	4.95 ± 0.14*†
End-diastolic volume, ml	107 ± 7	111 ± 7	106 ± 7	126 ± 9*†
End-systolic volume, ml	29 ± 4	33 ± 4	26 ± 4	29 ± 3
Stroke volume, ml	79 ± 4	78 ± 5	80 ± 5	97 ± 7*†
Cardiac output, l/min	5.3 ± 0.4	5.1 ± 0.3	4.5 ± 0.4	5.1 ± 0.5
Ejection fraction, %	72 ± 1	70 ± 2	72 ± 2	76 ± 2
Diastolic Function
E, cm/s	84.87 ± 2.96	81.45 ± 4.20	70.00 ± 4.67*	67.18 ± 5.92*
A, cm/s	41.21 ± 3.53	36.73 ± 2.26	61.64 ± 5.24*	56.36 ± 5.42*
E/A	2.24 ± 0.24	2.31 ± 0.20	1.22 ± 0.13*	1.28 ± 0.13*
E/Em	6.67 ± 0.45	6.42 ± 0.50	8.92 ± 0.90	10.49 ± 1.68*‡
Myocardial Oxygen Demand
Rate pressure product mmHg·beats/min	7085 ± 438	7297 ± 438	6932 ± 445	7622 ± 499†

Values are means ± SE; n = 11/group. IDd, diameter of left ventricle at the end-diastole; E, early diastolic mitral flow; A, late diastolic mitral flow; Em, peak early diastolic mitral annulus velocity.

^*P < 0.05 vs. young;

^†P < 0.05 vs. baseline;

^‡P < 0.1 vs. baseline.