Table 1.
Genes differentially regulated by glucose treatment
| A. Genes upregulated by glucose treatment | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Transcript/Gene | Brief description | DAF-16 binding sites# (bp) GTAAAC/TA | GATA transcription factor binding site (bp) CTTATCA |
| K09H11.7 | Haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase | −4863 | |
| dC53A3.2 | Haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase | −4908, −4873, −4189 | −4550, −1559 |
| C18H9.6 | Unknown | −4875 | −430 |
| F44E7.2 | Haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase | −2485, −1801, −1766 | −2124, −636 |
| K02G10.7 (aqp-8)* | Major intrinsic protein (MIP), aquaporin | −2919, −2080 | −230 |
| Y40B10A.6 | o-methyltransferase domain | 2021, −390 | |
| F21C10.9 | Unknown | −2937, −1952, −1637, −373 | |
| K11D12.4 | Choline or carnitine o-acyltransferase | −3785, −826, −380 | −4348, −2735 |
| dF21F8.4 | Putative aspartyl (acid) protease | −3035 | 4371, −4035, −3162, −2287, −1531, −1484 |
| C17C3.1d | Lipid storage | −4547, −2753, −2033 | |
| Y69A2AR.4 (smf-3)* | Solute carrier family 11 | −3187, −207, −194 | |
| F10D2.11 | UDP-glucoronosyl/glucosyl transferase | −843, −366 | 4076, −3374, −2136, −12 |
| Y53F4B.6 | Growth, size, and locomotor behavior | ||
| Y40B10A.2 | o-methyltransferase domain | −2335 | −1378 |
| F15H10.1 (col-12) | Collagen | −4123, 3192, −1405 | −3147 |
| C29E6.5 (nhr-43)* | Nuclear hormone receptor | −4528, −3392 | −1002, −943, −231 |
| F31F4.5 | Pseudogene | ||
| F09F3.9 | Choline or carnitine o-acyltransferase | −1395, −967, −42 | −988 |
| Y80D3A.7 (ptr-22) | Patched superfamily | −4270, −2815 | −3331 |
| F44G3.2 | Plant ATP-guanido phosphotransferase | −2651, −1490 | −4345 |
| F15B9.1 (far-3) | Fatty acid- and retinol-binding protein 3 | −1712, −421, −409 | −4749, −979 |
| C54D10.1 (cdr-2)* | Cadmium-responsive gene 2 | −4690, −2245, −2095, −2038, −1540, −1024 | |
| dC05E11.4 (amt-1) | Ammonium transporter family | −4905, −3889, −3671, −3440, −3246, −2591, −1606, 1327, −1240, −1118 | −1789, −1461 |
| B. Genes downregulated by glucose treatment | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Transcript/Gene | Brief description | DAF-16 binding sites# (bp) GTAAAC/TA | GATA transcription factor binding site (bp) CTTATCA |
| dZK6.7a | Lipid storage, chromosome segregation, pathogen response | −2695, −859 | −4312, −3979, −80 |
| C14C6.5 | ShTK and CC domains | ||
| C50F7.5 | Unknown | −3658, −135 | −1107, −1084, −240, −209 |
| T20B12.4 | Unknown | ||
| dF48D6.4a | Unknown | −4869, −4476, −4316, −1427 | −3835, −403 |
| dF32A5.5b (aqp-1)* | Aquaporin | −172 | −2364, −2285, −112 |
| dF48D6.4c | Unknown | −4869, −4476, −4316, −1427 | −3835, −403 |
| dZK6.7b | Lipid storage, chromosome segregation, pathogen response | −2695, −859 | −4312, −3979, −80 |
| dY4C6B.6 | Glucosyl-ceramidases | −3890, −3363, −2443, −1909 | −155, −70 |
| dF48D6.4b | Unknown | −4869, −4476, −4316, −1427 | −3835, −403 |
| dF15E11.14 | Unknown | −2707 | −394 |
| dF27C8.4 | Downstream target of a VHL-1 pathway | −4923, −2524, −992 | −2810, −1883, −1007, −75 |
| Y37A1B.12 (tor-1) | May bind ATP | −113, −59 | −4039 |
| T08A9.9 | Similar to bactericidal amoebapores | −4817, −3857, −348 | −1039, −132 |
| F59B2.11 | Unknown | −4056 | |
| C25B8.3a (cpr-6)* | Cysteine protease domain | −4500, −2119 | −1972 |
| C23H5.8a* | Unknown | −4036 | −72 |
See Figure S8 for fold changes of these genes and Table S3 for fold changes of all the genes in microarray analysis.
Genes that were up- (or down-) regulated both by glucose treatment and by inactivation of daf-16.
The change in mRNA expression level upon glucose treatment was confirmed by qRT-PCR (Figure S9). The lifespan of deletion mutants for these genes was measured (Figure 4A and Figure S10)
We found that 37 of the 40 glucose-responsive transcripts (93%) contain one or more DAF-16 binding elements in their 5-kb upstream regulatory regions. This enrichment is statistically significant (P<0.05, hypergeometric probability) compared to that (78%) of random C. elegans genes (Kenyon and Murphy, 2006).