Table 2.

Measurement of Study Variables

Variable	Sample Items	Range	Internal Consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha)
Family Bonds
Emotional Bonds (6 items)	“Most of the time your mother is warm and loving to you”	1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree)	.82–.87
Instrumental Bonds (10 items)	“Have you gone shopping with your mother in the past 4 weeks’	0 (no), 1(yes)	N/A
Family Closeness (4 items)	“Your family pays attention to you”	1(not at all) to 5 (very much)	.74–.77
Peer Risky Behaviors
Smoking (1 item)	“How many of your 3 best friends smoke cigarettes at least once a month?”	0 to 3
Alcohol (1 item)	“How many of your 3 best friends drink alcohol at least once a month?”	0 to 3	.75–.80
Marijuana (1 item)	“How many of your 3 best friends smoke marijuana at least once a month?”	0 to 3
Emotional Distress
Depression (19 items)	“How often have you felt sad”	0 (never) to 3 (most of the time)	.86–.88
Symptoms (14 items)	“How often do you have trouble falling asleep?”	0 (never) to 4 (every day)	.78–82
Risky Behaviors
Substance Use (6 items)	“Have you ever tried smoking?”	0 (no), 1 (yes)	N/A
Delinquency (15 items)	“How many times have you painted graffiti?”	0 (never) to 3 (5 or more times)	.79–.81