Table 2.
Results of the linear mixed models: child age- and gender-adjusted mean changes from baseline (s.e.)
| End of tx | 3 Months post-tx | 6 Months post-tx |
P value for time × treatment interaction |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parent-reported primary outcomes | ||||
| Child current pain (FACES) | < 0.01 | |||
| SLCBT | −1.04 (0.25)** | −1.16 (0.29)** | −0.99 (0.31)** | |
| ES | 0.21 (0.25) | −0.06 (0.31) | 0.06 (0.33) | |
| Difference | −1.25 (0.35)** | −1.10 (0.43)* | −1.04 (0.45)* | |
| Child functional disability (FDI) | 0.10 | |||
| SLCBT | −0.44 (0.08)** | −0.36 (0.10)** | −0.41 (0.09)** | |
| ES | −0.17 (0.08)* | −0.33 (0.10)** | −0.29 (0.10)** | |
| Difference | −0.27 (0.11)* | −0.03 (0.14) | −0.11 (0.14) | |
| Child GI symptom severity | < 0.01 | |||
| SLCBT | −0.38 (0.06)** | −0.47 (0.09)** | −0.52 (0.08)** | |
| ES | −0.05 (0.07) | −0.24 (0.10)* | −0.33 (0.09)** | |
| Difference | −0.33 (0.09)** | −0.23 (0.13) | −0.19 (0.12) | |
| Parent-reported secondary outcome | ||||
| Child depression (CDI) | 0.08 | |||
| SLCBT | −1.76 (0.38)** | −2.68 (0.53)** | −2.65 (0.54)** | |
| ES | −0.36 (0.40) | −1.68 (0.57)** | −1.32 (0.57)* | |
| Difference | −1.40 (0.55)* | −1.00 (0.77) | −1.32 (0.79) | |
| Parent-reported process variables | ||||
| Parental solicitousness | < 0.0001 | |||
| SLCBT | −0.55 (0.05)** | −0.49 (0.06)** | −0.44 (0.06)** | |
| ES | −0.16 (0.05)** | −0.25 (0.06)** | −0.21 (0.06)** | |
| Difference | −0.39 (0.07)** | −0.24 (0.08)** | −0.23 (0.08)** | |
| Perceived threat (PBQ) | < 0.0001 | |||
| SLCBT | −0.45 (0.05)** | −0.60 (0.06)** | −0.58 (0.06)** | |
| ES | −0.09 (0.05) | −0.31 (0.06)** | −0.25 (0.06)** | |
| Difference | −0.36 (0.07)** | −0.30 (0.08)** | −0.34 (0.09)** | |
| Problem-focused coping (PBQ) | < 0.0001 | |||
| SLCBT | 0.91 (0.09)** | 0.83 (0.10)** | 0.77 (0.10)** | |
| ES | 0.23 (0.10)* | 0.21 (0.10)* | 0.36 (0.10)** | |
| Difference | 0.68 (0.13)** | 0.61 (0.14)** | 0.41 (0.14)* | |
| Emotion-focused coping (PBQ) | 0.02 | |||
| SLCBT | 0.55 (0.06)** | 0.64 (0.07)** | 0.63 (0.07)** | |
| ES | 0.29 (0.06)** | 0.39 (0.07)** | 0.36 (0.08)** | |
| Difference | 0.26 (0.09)** | 0.25 (0.10)* | 0.27 (0.10)** | |
| Child-reported variables | ||||
| GI symptom severity | 0.03 | |||
| SLCBT | −0.39 (0.06)** | −0.40 (0.07)** | −0.56 (0.07)** | |
| ES | −0.14 (0.06)* | −0.28 (0.07)** | −0.37 (0.08)** | |
| Difference | −0.25 (0.08)** | −0.12 (0.09) | −0.20 (0.11) | |
| Catastrophizing (PRI) | 0.16 | |||
| SLCBT | −0.51 (0.08)** | −0.60 (0.09)** | −0.65 (0.09)** | |
| ES | −0.24 (0.08)** | −0.44 (0.09)** | −0.48 (0.09)** | |
| Difference | −0.27 (0.12)* | −0.15 (0.12) | −0.17 (0.13) | |
| Distract/ignore (PRI) | 0.01 | |||
| SLCBT | 0.28 (0.08)** | 0.20 (0.08)* | 0.21 (0.09)* | |
| ES | −0.03 (0.08) | −0.08 (0.09) | 0.12 (0.09) | |
| Difference | 0.32 (0.11)** | 0.28 (0.12)* | 0.09 (0.12) | |
| Pain minimization (PRI) | < 0.001 | |||
| SLCBT | 0.44 (0.10)** | 0.51 (0.10)** | 0.61 (0.11)** | |
| ES | −0.13 (0.10) | −0.04 (0.10) | 0.05 (0.11) | |
| Difference | 0.57 (0.14)** | 0.55 (0.15)** | 0.56 (0.15)** |
CDI, Child Depression Inventory; ES, Education Support; FACES, Faces Pain Scale-Revised; FDI, Functional Disability Inventory; GI, gastrointestinal; PBQ, Pain Beliefs Questionnaire; PRI, Pain Response Inventory; SLCBT, Social Learning/Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; tx, treatment.
A single asterisk denotes P<0.05; a double asterisk denotes P<0.01. Tests of significance within treatment groups assess change from baseline at a given follow-up time point. Tests of significance between treatment groups (difference estimates) assess SLCBT/ES differences in change over time. For all measures except PBQ emotion-focused and problem-focused coping, negatively signed estimates indicate improvement (e.g., pain reduction) relative to baseline. For the two coping subscales, positively signed estimates indicate improvement (increased coping confidence) relative to baseline.