Table 2.

Fusion Demonstrated in Converted Cells

Tissue / Cell	Model / Detection	Reference
Hepatocyte	Fah+/+ from Fancc−/− into Fah−/− with NTBC withdrawal. 50% conversion rate. Purified repopulating cells were heterozygous Fah+/+ and Fanc−/−	77
Hepatocyte	Fah+/+ from ROSA26 female marrow into male Fah−/−. Cytogenetic analysis of LacZ+ marrow derived hepatocytes – most with Y chromosome. Karyotypes Fah+/+ 80XXXY or 120 XXXXYY.	78
Purkinje Neuron	GFP to adult mice and both donor and host nuclei found, the Purkinje neurons were stable heterokaryons.	90
Purkinje Neuron, Cardiomyocyte, Hepatocyte	Used Cre/lox recombinase system to show that in marrow transplanted mice all detectable contributions of marrow to nonhematopoietic cell types arose through cell fusion	91
Skeletal Muscle	Murine cardiotoxin injury model male to female, female to male or Rosa B-galactosidase to GFP muscle fibers show both donor and recipient phenotypes. However, mononuclear satellite cells with donor markers suggest conversion to satellite cells occurs without fusion.	83,84