TABLE 3.
Breakdown of Systematic Reviews and Primary Studies
| Number of Studies/Reviews | |
|---|---|
| Systematic reviews (mostly from meta-narrative 1) | |
| Review of reviews using Cochrane methods with some qualitative analysisa | 1 |
| “Cochrane” review restricted to RCTs with a statistical meta-analysis | 1 |
| “Cochrane” review restricted to RCTs but no meta-analysis | 4 |
| “Cochrane” review of other quantitative designs but no qualitative analysis | 6 |
| “Cochrane” review of quantitative designs with some form of qualitative analysis | 9 |
| Qualitative review using realist method | 1 |
| Other qualitative or narrative review | 2 |
| Total systematic reviews | 24 |
| Primary studies (excluding meta-narrative 1a) | |
| Organizational case study | |
| Single site (i.e., main goal was understanding within the case) | 18 |
| Multisite (i.e., a key goal was comparison across two or more cases) | 20 |
| Ethnography of situated practiceb | 12 |
| Actor-network analysisc | 19 |
| Participatory study | |
| Action research | 4 |
| Codesignd | 2 |
| Qualitative study (interview, focus group, or both) | 5 |
| Quantitative study | |
| Quantitative survey alone | 2 |
| Quantitative survey supplemented by in-depth qualitative interviews | 2 |
| Before and after study | 1 |
| Randomized controlled trial | 1 |
| Other study design | |
| Empirical philosophye | 4 |
| Discourse analysis | 2 |
| Simulation study | 2 |
| Total primary studies | 94 |
Notes: The unit of analysis for the empirical studies in this table is the study. Hence if one study led to three papers, only one of these was “counted” here. The only exception is one study in which the data were completely reanalyzed using a different theoretical perspective. Accordingly, this table double-counted this study.
This review of reviews included all Cochrane reviews covered here, plus fourteen additional systematic reviews of specialist aspects of EPR use.
Detailed ethnography of the fine-grained detail of clinical (or administrative) work, often using techniques such as video or computer screen capture, and drawing on Garfinkel's ethnomethodological approach and situated action theory.
Mapping and analyzing a dynamic network in which both people and technologies are “actors.”
A form of action research with a stronger technical element, effectively participatory workplace redesign alongside technical (re)development (sometimes called technomethodology).
Mainly theorizing but based on a small amount of empirical data (usually from ethnography of situated practice).