Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population according to the presence of the metabolic syndrome
| All (n=944) |
No MetS (n=640) | MetS (n=304) |
p value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 74.3 (6.8) | 74.3 (6.9) | 74.4 (6.6) | 0.77 |
| Men, % | 44.49 | 49.84 | 33.22 | <.001 |
| Education (years) mean (SD) | 5.4 (3.2) | 5.6 (3.4) | 5.0 (2.8) | 0.005 |
| Body Mass Index ≥ 30 kg/m2, % | 25.0 | 15.0 | 46.1 | <.001 |
| Physical activity, % | <.001 | |||
| Sedentary / minimal | 17.22 | 14.91 | 22.04 | |
| Light | 44.31 | 42.07 | 49.01 | |
| Moderate | 32.94 | 36.26 | 25.99 | |
| Intense | 5.53 | 6.75 | 2.96 | |
| Smoking, % | 0.13 | |||
| Never | 58.47 | 56.25 | 63.16 | |
| Former | 27.75 | 29.06 | 25 | |
| Current | 13.77 | 14.69 | 11.84 | |
| Alcohol use (g/day), mean (SD) | 14.9 (20.5) | 16.8 (22.6) | 10.9 (14.5) | <.001 |
| Diseases | ||||
| Coronary heart disease, % | 8.3 | 6.3 | 12.6 | 0.001 |
| Peripheral arterial disease, % | 6.1 | 4.1 | 10.5 | 0.001 |
| Type 2 Diabetes, % | 12.6 | 6.1 | 26.3 | <.001 |
| Lung disease, % | 9.3 | 8.6 | 10.9 | 0.26 |
| Osteoarthritis, % | 11.2 | 10.9 | 11.8 | 0.68 |
| Medications | ||||
| Antihypertensive drug use, % | 41.3 | 34.4 | 55.9 | <.001 |
| Lipid-lowering drug use, % | 4.8 | 2.2 | 10.2 | <.001 |
| Anti-diabetic drug use, % | 7.1 | 3.8 | 14.1 | <.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome components | ||||
| Blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg†, % | 84.2 | 78.3 | 96.7 | <.001 |
| Waist circumference M: ≥102 cm / F: ≥ 88 cm, % |
40.5 | 23.0 | 77.3 | <.001 |
| Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL‡, % | 28.4 | 11.6 | 63.8 | <.001 |
| HDL Cholesterol M: <40 mg/dL / F: <50 mg/dL, % |
21.7 | 5.9 | 54.9 | <.001 |
| Blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL§, % | 27.0 | 13.4 | 55.6 | <.001 |
| Adipocytokines | ||||
| CRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 2.6 (1.3–5.4) | 2.3 (1.2–4.8) | 3.3 (1.8–6.3) | <.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 1.4 (0.8–2.1) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 1.6 (0.9–2.5) | <.001 |
| IL-1ra (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 133.0 (96.4–184.5) |
120.9 (91.0–164.6) |
166.8 (120.2–229.8 |
<.001 |
| IL-18 (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 380.7 (300.9–474.5) |
375.5 (287.2–467.8) |
398.0 (315.2–507.2) |
0.007 |
| TNF-α R1 (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 1330.8 (1089.0–1694.4) |
1298.9 (1060.0–1595.3) |
1428.9 (1137.6–1921.0) |
<.001 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL), median (IQR) |
11.5 (7.0–17.3) |
12.7 (8.0–19.0) |
8.9 (5.6–14.3) |
<.001 |
| Leptin (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 8.8 (4.1–16.6) |
6.8 (3.4–14.3) |
12.4 (7.7–24.0) |
<.001 |
| Resistin (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 3.5 (2.7–4.7) | 3.5 (2.7–4.6) | 3.7 (2.7–5.1) | 0.04 |
Notes: Values are shown in mean (SD) and medians (IQR) for continuous variables and N (%) for categorical variables. MetS = metabolic syndrome; SD = standard deviation; HDL = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IQR = inter-quartile range; CRP = C-reactive protein; IL-6 = interleukin 6; IL-1ra = interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; IL-18 = interleukin 18, TNF-α R1 = tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 1.
*
Difference between No MetS and MetS
†
or use of anti-hypertensive medication
‡
or use of lipid-lowering medication
§
or use of anti-diabetic medication.