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Much of the development of the efferent, HVC⇒RA pathway occurs over the time course of song learning. At the ages indicated, the HVC⇒RA pathway was retrogradely labeled (white) by injecting Fluoro-Gold into RA in male canaries. By 7-12 months, canary song has become fully stereotyped for the first time (Nottebohm and Nottebohm, 1978; Nottebohm et al., 1986). Dorsal = up, Rostral = right. Scale bar = 200μm.
