Table 1.
Descriptive statistics, with and without Seguro Popular (SP), by data source
| SP Impact Evaluation Survey | ENSANUT | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With SP (n = 4,033) | Without SP (n = 16,759) | P value (t test) | With SP (n = 4,440) | Without SP (n = 16,376) | P value (t test) | |
| Outcomes | ||||||
| CHEa | 6.64 (0.39) | 9.39 (0.22) | 0.0000 | 4.71 (0.32) | 6.67 (0.20) | 0.0000 |
| OOPb | ||||||
| Outpatient care | 269.9 (18.8) | 456.9 (15.6) | 0.0000 | 193.5 (21.91) | 393.22 (24.98) | 0.0001 |
| Inpatient care | 303.3 (40.4) | 594.1 (26.3) | 0.000 | 270.82 (62.13) | 595.42 (54.11) | 0.0029 |
| Medicines | 480.5 (21.3) | 558.1 (12.3) | 0.0033 | 333.21 (18.02) | 528.38 (18.96) | 0.0000 |
| Covariates | ||||||
| Characteristics of the household head | ||||||
| Age | 46.7 (0.25) | 47.6 (0.13) | 0.0008 | 44.66 (0.22) | 46.65 (0.12) | 0.000 |
| Female-headed | 21.7 (0.65) | 22.8 (0.33) | 0.1249 | 19.35 (0.59) | 21.02 (0.32) | 0.0147 |
| Formal education (years) | 6.34 (0.72) | 6.04 (0.04) | 0.0003 | 5.04 (0.05) | 5.71 (0.03) | 0.000 |
| Indigenous self-identity | 23.28 (0.63) | 24.55 (0.33) | 0.0825 | |||
| Speak indigenous language | 10.29 (0.45) | 12.87 (0.26) | 0.000 | |||
| Characteristics of the household | ||||||
| Asset index | −0.25 (0.01) | −0.08 (0.006) | 0.0000 | −0.50 (0.01) | −0.29 (0.01) | 0.000 |
| Children ≤ 1 | 11.85 (0.51) | 15.16 (0.27) | 0.0000 | 14.08 (0.52) | 15.41 (0.28) | 0.0282 |
| Children ≤ 7 | 49.61 (0.79) | 47.04 (0.39) | 0.0034 | 54.05 (0.75) | 46.98 (0.39) | 0.000 |
| Adults ≥ 65 | 19.24 (0.62) | 20.95 (0.32) | 0.0206 | 15.54 (0.54) | 18.73 (0.30) | 0.000 |
| Someone with diabetes | 3.83 (0.29) | 3.52 (0.14) | 0.322 | |||
| Someone with hypertension | 7.72 (0.40) | 6.19 (0.18) | 0.0002 | |||
| Someone with gastritis | 6.31 (0.36) | 5.33 (0.17) | 0.0117 | |||
| Household size (# of persons) | 4.30 (0.32) | 4.42 (0.02) | 0.0012 | 4.41 (0.03) | 4.37 (0.02) | 0.2863 |
| Enrolled in oportunidades | 67.39 (0.74) | 38.79 (0.38) | 0.0000 | 19.91 (0.60) | 11.16 (0.24) | 0.000 |
| Characteristics of the locality | ||||||
| Rural area | 97.21 (0.26) | 92.6 (0.20) | 0.0000 | 52.93 (0.74) | 34.42 (0.37) | 0.000 |
| Deprivation index | −0.03 (0.01) | −0.35 (0.01) | 0.0000 | −0.60 (0.01) | −0.76 (0.01) | 0.000 |
| Instrumental variables | ||||||
| Locality SP coverage | 28.74 (0.39) | 10.24 (0.13) | 0.0000 | 39.93 (0.39) | 11.36 (0.13) | 0.000 |
| Randomized to treatment | 87.55 (0.52) | 32.90 (0.36) | 0.0000 | |||
| Incorporated by 2001 | 0.34 (0.07) | 0.63 (0.06) | 0.0304 | 28.16 (0.68) | 8.67 (0.22) | 0.000 |
| Incorporated by 2002 | 67.51 (0.71) | 57.52 (0.39) | 0.000 | |||
| Incorporated by 2003 | 79.36 (0.61) | 77.40 (0.33) | 0.0070 | |||
| Incorporated by 2004 | 95.10 (0.33) | 91.11 (0.22) | 0.000 | |||
In households with SP, all members report to have enrolled into the voluntary health insurance program, whereas in households without SP, all members report not having any type of publicly funded health insurance. Standard error in parentheses
ENSANUT Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (National Health and Nutrition Survey), CHE Catastrophic health expenditures, OOP Out-of-pocket expenditures
Authors’ calculations based on ENSANUT [34], SP Impact Evaluation Survey [33], Census data [52], and SP evaluation data [24]
aCHE = 1 if a household’s financial contributions to the health system exceed 30% of income remaining after subsistence needs (US$2 per capita) have been met; and CHE = 0 otherwise
bAnnualized OOP spending measured in Mexican pesos of 2006