Table 1.

XRF point analysis quantification for Archaeopteryx and host sedimentary rock

	Vertebra	Tooth	Claw	Skull	Humerus	Rachis	Sed. 1	Sed. 2	Sed. 3	ICP sed.*	Solnhofen lit. values (32, 36)
P	340	42,800	350	38,400	37,890	310	31	4	7	41 (0.01)	200–600
S	270	1,570	270	1,310	1,480	65	110	51	72	3,011 (80)	150–300
Cl	140	51	160	0	26	47	85	51	69
Ca†	54%	17%	38%	21%	28%	8%	49%	24%	39%		35–39%
Mn	110	15	53	25	na	16	36	25	na	13 (1)	100–300
Fe	2,200	3,100	860	810	610	340	4,860	3,670	3,060	73 (1.6)	1,000–15,000
Ni	5	8	3	7	na	4	7	7	na
Cu	8	17	5	18	na	8	9	7	na	9 (1.6)
Zn	13	19	8	49	na	12	22	18	na	22 (2.2)
As	2	6	3	6	na	3	3	5	na

All numbers in ppmw except where noted as percent weight.

^*ICP-MS (Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) and ICP-AES (P and S) analyses were made of a dissolved sediment sample taken from the reverse side of the slab; 2σ errors given in parentheses. (See Fig. S4 for an example point analysis spectrum with fit.)

^†Theoretical calcium concentrations in apatite and calcite are 39% and 40% by weight, respectively. All values presented here were calculated (standardless) from fundamental parameters, so the high resulting Ca values for the vertebra and sediment 1 allow us to estimate errors of approximately 30% at the Ca Kα energy. Errors therefore are estimated to be ∼50% of the reported values for elements lighter than Ca, decreasing to ∼25% or less for the higher atomic weight elements. Errors are because of imprecision caused by topographic irregularity, depth heterogeneity, and low count rates (in some cases).