Figure 1.

Ethanol treatment of zebrafish embryos during gastrulation and somitogenesis stages produces a FASD phenotype that was largely rescued by including retinoic acid during ethanol treatment. Dorsal (left column) and lateral (right column; dorsal is up) views of 4 dpf living larvae were imaged using a steromicroscope; anterior is left on each image. Control embryos were untreated (first, top row); treated with 100 mM ethanol (second and third row from top; note FASD phenotype is variable); treated with 100 mM ethanol and 10⁻⁹ M retinoic acid (fourth row from top); and treated with 10⁻⁹ M retinoic acid alone (fifth, bottom row) from 3 hpf until 24 hpf (see Materials and Methods). At 24 hpf, ethanol and/or retinoic acid treatments were discontinued, and embryos were incubated with normal embryo medium until 4 dpf. Asterisks and arrows indicate the swim bladder. Abbreviations: ed, edematous pericardium; ey, eye; fin, pectoral fin; and ov, otic vesicle.