Fig. 1.

PPARγ binds to the human DEFB1 promoter and transactivates DEFB1 expression in human colonic epithelial cells. (A) Potential PPARγ-binding sites within the DEFB1 promoter. (B) Systematic EMSA analysis of the heterodimer RXRα/PPARγ within the DEFB1 gene promoter. Complexes of recombinant proteins with radiolabeled oligonucleotide are indicated by arrow. (C) Relative luciferase activity for the empty control vector (white bar), PPARγ-1 (gray bar), and PPARγ-2 (black bar) isoforms expressing vectors (23). P values were determined by the unpaired Student t test. (D) Relative expression of DEFB1, ADRP, IL-8, and TNF-α in rosiglitazone-treated Caco-2 cells (100 nM) compared with mock-treated cells. Values represent the mean of normalized data ± SEM, as measured by real-time qPCR. P values were determined by the Mann-Whitney test. NS, not significant. All experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated independently at least three times.