Table 1.
Summary of resting-state fMRI studies in infants, children and adolescents, including neurodevelopmental disorders.
| Ages studied | Authors | Population | Analyses | Brain regions examined |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4.29 ± 2.56 years | Kiviniemi et al. (2000) | Typically developing | ROI-based FC | Visual cortex |
| Neonates 2–4 weeks of age, 1-year-olds, 2-year-olds | Lin et al. (2008) | Typically developing | ROI-based FC | Motor, sensory, and visual networks |
| Visual experiment: 46.4 ± 6.7 months; Auditory experiment: 46.9 ± 9.7 months | Redcay et al. (2007) | Typically developing | ROI-based FC | Superior temporal gyrus, occipital cortex |
| Range: 39 weeks and 1 day to 44 weeks and 2 days (gestational age at MRI: 41 weeks) | Fransson et al. (2007) | Typically developing | ICA | Somatosensory and motor cortices, temporal/inferior parietal cortex, posterior lateral and midline parietal cortex/lateral aspects of the cerebellum, medial and lateral sections of anterior prefrontal cortex |
| 12.8 months | Liu et al. (2008) | Typically developing | ICA | Sensorimotor network |
| Neonates (24 ± 12 days); 1-year-olds (13 ± 1 month); 2-year-olds (25 ± 1 month) | Gao et al. (2009) | Typically developing | ICA, graph theory | Default mode network |
| 7–9 years; 10–15 years; 19–31 years | Fair et al. (2008) | Typically developing | ROI-based FC, graph theory | Default mode network |
| Children: 10.6 ± 1.5 years; Adolescents: 15.4 ± 1.2 years; Adults: 22.4 ± 1.2 years | Kelly et al. (2009) | Typically developing | ROI-based FC | Cingulate-based networks |
| 12–30 years | Stevens et al. (2009) | Typically developing | ICA, causality estimates | Whole-brain |
| Working memory: 7–11 years; Rest: 9–12 years | Thomason et al. (2008) | Typically developing | ICA | Default mode network |
| Children: 7–9 years, mean 8.6; Adolescents: 10–15 years, mean 11.9; Adults: 20–31 years, mean 24.1 | Fair et al. (2007) | Typically developing | Graph theory | Thirty-nine putative task-control regions within fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular networks |
| Children: 7–9 years; Adult: 19–22 years | Supekar et al. (2009) | Typically developing | Graph theory, white matter fiber tracking | Whole-brain |
| 7–31 years | Fair et al. (2009) | Typically developing | Graph theory | Cingulo-opercular, fronto-parietal, cerebellar, and default mode networks |
| Children: 7–9 years; Adult: 19–22 years | Supekar et al. (2010) | Typically developing | ICA, white matter fiber tracking | Default mode network |
| ADHD: 13.91 ± 0.35 years; Control: 13.20 ± 0.56 years | Tian et al. (2006) | ADHD | ROI-based FC | Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex |
| ADHD: 13.37 ± 1.49 years; Control: 13.32 ± 0.95 years | Cao et al. (2006) | ADHD | ReHo | Whole-brain |
| ADHD: 13.34 ± 1.44 years; Control: age-matched within 0.5 year | Zhu et al. (2008) | ADHD | ReHo, Fisher discriminative analysis | Whole-brain |
| ADHD: 13.0 ± 1.4 years; Control: 13.1 ± 0.6 years | Zang et al. (2007) | ADHD | ALFF | Whole-brain |
| ADHD: 13.48 ± 1.11 years; Control: 13.19 ± 0.49 years | Tian et al. (2008) | ADHD | RSAI | Whole-brain |
| ADHD: 13.3 ± 1.4 years; Control: 13.2 ± 1.0 years | Cao et al. (2009) | ADHD | ROI-based FC | Putamen |
| ADHD: 34.9 ± 9.9 years; Control: 31.2 ± 9.0 years | Castellanos et al. (2008) | ADHD | ROI-based FC | Cingulate-based networks |
| ADHD: 34.9 ± 9.9 years; Control: 31.2 ± 9.0 years | Uddin et al. (2008) | ADHD | NetHo | Default mode network |
| ASD: 24 ± 10.6 years; control: 24 ± 9.0 years | Cherkassky et al. (2006) | ASD | ROI-based FC | Posterior cingulate cortex, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, paracentral lobule, bilateral medial/middle prefrontal cortex, bilateral inferior parietal cortex, bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral inferolateral temporal cortex (insula) |
| ASD: 26.5 ± 12.8 years; Control: 27.5 ± 10.9 years | Kennedy et al. (2008) | ASD | ROI-based FC | Task-positive (dorsal attention) network, task-negative (default mode) network |
| ASD: 26 ± 5.93 years; TD: 27 ± 6.1 years | Monk et al. (2009) | ASD | ROI-based FC | Default mode network |
| ASD: 15 ± 1.45 years; TD: 16 ± 1.44 years | Weng et al. (2010) | ASD | ROI-based FC | Default mode network |
| 8 years | Paakki et al. (2010) | ASD | ReHo | Whole-brain |
| TS: 12.70 years (9.92–15.83); TD: 12.69 years (10.42–15.75) | Church et al. (2009) | Tourette syndrome | ROI-based FC | Thirty-nine putative task control regions within fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular networks |
| MDD: 16.5 ± 0.95 years; TD: 16.8 ± 1.5 years | Cullen et al. (2009) | Depression | ROI-based FC | Subgenual ACC, amygdala, supragenual ACC |
| 12.2 ± 2.1 years | Thomason et al. (2009) | BDNF met-allele carriers | ROI-based FC | Default mode network, executive control network, salience network |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ALFF, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; FC, functional connectivity; ICA, independent component analysis; MDD, major depressive disorder; NetHo, network homogeneity; ReHo, regional homogeneity; ROI, region-of-interest; RSAI, resting-state activity index; TD, typically developing.