Table 2.
Effects of timing of prenatal care initiation (N = 2,283)
| Mother smoked at 1 year |
Four or more well-baby visits |
Breastfed for at least 6 months |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| First trimester care | −.17*** | .12** | .05 |
| [−.05] | [.01] | [.01] | |
| (.06) | (.06) | (.05) | |
| Age | |||
| <20 years | −.04 | .27 | −.10 |
| [−.01] | [.03] | [−.03] | |
| (.13) | (.19) | (.16) | |
| 20−34 years | .03 | .35*** | −.04 |
| [.01] | [.05] | [−.01] | |
| (.14) | (.12) | (.11) | |
| Relationship with father of child | |||
| Married | −.30*** | .16 | .34*** |
| [−.08] | [.02] | [.10] | |
| (.10) | (.11) | (.09) | |
| Cohabiting | .05 | −.04 | .14** |
| [.02] | [−.00] | [.04] | |
| (.07) | (.09) | (.07) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic black | −.39*** | −.14 | −.17** |
| [−.12] | [−.02] | [−.05] | |
| (.08) | (.18) | (.09) | |
| Hispanic | −.32*** | −.14 | −.24** |
| [−.09] | [−.02] | [−.06] | |
| (.09) | (.15) | (.12) | |
| Other | .10 | −.04 | −.60*** |
| [.03] | [−.00] | [−.12] | |
| (.16) | (.23) | (.20) | |
| Education | |||
| High school graduate | −.25*** | .21*** | .07 |
| [−.07] | [.02] | [.02] | |
| (.09) | (.07) | (.09) | |
| Some college | −.42*** | .25** | .26*** |
| [−.11] | [.03] | [.07] | |
| (.08) | (.11) | (.08) | |
| College graduate | −.65*** | .35 | .64*** |
| [−.15] | [.03] | [.21] | |
| (.15) | (.22) | (.12) | |
| Foreign-born | −.62*** | −.19 | .84*** |
| [−.15] | [−.02] | [.27] | |
| (.08) | (.17) | (.12) | |
| Employed | .11 | −.11 | −.13 |
| [.03] | [−.01] | [−.04] | |
| (.08) | (.09) | (.10) | |
| Publicly insurance | −.03 | −.06 | −.05 |
| [−.01] | [−.01] | [−.01] | |
| (.07) | (.08) | (.08) | |
| First birth | .10 | .09 | −.02 |
| [.03] | [.01] | [−.01] | |
| (.07) | (.11) | (.08) | |
| Father <high school graduate | .07 | .01 | −.06 |
| [.02] | [.00] | [−.02] | |
| (.07) | (.08) | (.06) | |
| No. of years between baseline and follow-up interviews |
−.00 | .02* | .01 |
| [−.00] | [.00] | [.00] | |
| (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 2.09*** | −.15 | −.34*** |
| [.70] | [−.02] | [−.08] | |
| (.07) | (.11) | (.09) | |
| Pre-existing physical health condition | −.11 | −.12 | .05 |
| [−.03] | [−.01] | [.01] | |
| (.08) | (.10) | (.09) | |
| Pre-existing mental illness | .28*** | −.01 | .07 |
| [.09] | [−.00] | [.02] | |
| (.09) | (.12) | (.10) | |
| Prior adverse birth outcome | .05 | .00 | .04 |
| [.01] | [.00] | [.01] | |
| (.14) | (.11) | (.11) | |
| Considered abortion | .04 | .07 | .09 |
| [.01] | [.01] | [.02] | |
| (.07) | (.11) | (.07) |
All characteristics pertain to the mother unless specified. Figures shown are probit coefficients, marginal effects [in brackets], and standard errors (in parentheses)
*
P<.10;
**
P<.05;
***
P<.01