Fig. 10.
Schematic showing the nucleation of polyaniline nanofibers. (I) Under non-ideal nucleation conditions aggregate formation is present. (II) When ideal nucleation conditions are predominant, well-dispersed polyaniline nanofibers are formed. Typical images of the reaction vials and microstructure are displayed next to the schematic (reproduced with permission from Year 2009 American Chemical Society [42]).