TABLE 1.
Clinical and glycemic characteristics
| All | Type 1 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | No diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 507 | 268 | 159 | 80 |
| Age (years) | 47.6 ± 13.6 | 44.1 ± 12.9 | 56.6 ± 9.4 | 41 ± 13.8 |
| Sex (% female) | 54 | 52 | 51 | 69 |
| Ethnicity (% Caucasian) | 82 | 91 | 74 | 68 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Female | 28.1 ± 7 | 26.3 ± 4.7 | 32.7 ± 8.7 | 25.9 ± 5.5 |
| Male | 27.6 ± 5.1 | 26.1 ± 3.4 | 30.8 ± 6.2 | 25 ± 3.3 |
| Treatment with insulin | 65 | 100 | 38 | 0 |
| A1C (%) | 6.8 ± 1.3 | 7.3 ± 1.1 | 6.8 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 0.3 |
| FBG (mmol/l) | 7.8 ± 2.4 | 8.5 ± 2.5 | 7.8 ± 2.1 | 5.3 ± 0.6 |
| Average blood glucose (mmol/l) | 8.3 ± 2.2 | 9 ± 2 | 8.3 ± 2 | 5.6 ± 0.4 |
| CGM average (mmol/l) | 8.5 ± 2.2 | 9.3 ± 2 | 8.5 ± 2 | 5.8 ± 0.6 |
| SMBG average (mmol/l) | 8.2 ± 2.2 | 8.9 ± 2.1 | 8.3 ± 2 | 5.5 ± 0.5 |
| Nocturnal measures | ||||
| Mean 3:00 a.m. SMBG (mmol/l) | 8.1 ± 2.7 | 9.2 ± 2.7 | 7.6 ± 2.3 | 5.6 ± 0.7 |
| Mean nocturnal blood glucose CGM (mmol/l) | 8.0 ± 2.3 | 8.9 ± 2.3 | 7.8 ± 2.1 | 5.6 ± 0.6 |
| Prandial measures | ||||
| Preprandial SMBG (mmol/l) | 7.7 ± 2.1 | 8.4 ± 2 | 7.6 ± 1.9 | 5.4 ± 0.5 |
| Postprandial SMBG (mmol/l)* | 9 ± 2.4 | 9.7 ± 2.1 | 9.4 ± 2.2 | 6.1 ± 0.7 |
| AUCpp 2-h CGM (h/mmol/l) | 17.6 ± 4.5 | 19.1 ± 4.1 | 17.8 ± 4 | 12 ± 1.4 |
| PPG increment 2-h CGM (mmol/l)† | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 0.5 |
| Variability measures | ||||
| CGM SD (mmol/l) | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 0.2 |
| SMBG SD (mmol/l)§ | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 4.1 ± 1 | 2.6 ± 1 | 1.1 ± 0.4 |
| MAGE (mmol/l) | 4.8 ± 2.4 | 6.4 ± 1.8 | 3.8 ± 1.5 | 1.4 ± 0.5 |
| CONGA4 (mmol/l) | 3.7 ± 1.9 | 4.9 ± 1.3 | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 1 ± 0.3 |
Data are means ± SD or percent. Glucose values are expressed as plasma equivalent mmol/l.
*Defined as mean of 90-min postprandial self-monitored glucose levels.
†Defined as the increment from the preprandial blood glucose to highest peak 2-h postprandially.
§Defined as the SDs of all self-monitored blood glucose.