Effects of CLOD on cardiovascular and sympathetic responses to intracarotid artery (ICA) injection of TNF-α. Heart rate (HR), renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA, shown both as integrated nerve activity and as windowed spike activity), and arterial pressure (AP) responses to ICA bolus injection of TNF–α in normal rats pre-treated a week earlier with (A) intracerebroventricular (ICV) aCSF, (B) ICV CLOD, or (C) ICV LIPO. (D) Grouped data showing peak changes from baseline in mean blood pressure (MBP), HR and RSNA in each group. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6 to 7 for each group). *P<0.05 vs baseline; †P<0.05 vs aCSF+TNF–α.