Table 3.

Maximum likelihood estimates.

	Independence model		Frank model
	Participation	Duration	Participation	Duration
Constant	3.338	1.493⁎⁎	3.277	1.325⁎⁎
Gender (male = 1)	0.190⁎⁎	0.119⁎⁎	0.200⁎⁎	0.172⁎⁎
Age 16 to 24	0.771⁎⁎	0.024	0.697⁎⁎	0.203⁎⁎
Age 25 to 34	0.542⁎⁎	0.057	0.491⁎⁎	0.187⁎⁎
Age 35 to 44	0.381⁎⁎	0.044	0.352⁎⁎	0.134⁎
Age 45 to 54	0.090	0.083	0.096	0.133⁎⁎
Ln equivalised household income	0.110⁎⁎		0.107⁎⁎
Single	0.222⁎⁎	0.124⁎⁎	0.238⁎⁎	0.175⁎⁎
Divorced/separated/widowed	0.158⁎	− 0.154⁎⁎	0.122⁎	− 0.116⁎⁎
No. children aged 2–15	0.079⁎⁎	− 0.039⁎	0.042	− 0.029
No. children under age 2	− 0.181⁎⁎	− 0.226⁎⁎	− 0.223⁎⁎	− 0.285⁎⁎
Natural mother alive	0.106⁎	− 0.005	0.102⁎	0.038
Hours watching TV per week	− 0.036⁎⁎	− 0.008⁎	− 0.037⁎⁎	− 0.019⁎⁎
Car available in household	0.095		0.015
No education	− 0.337⁎⁎		− 0.325⁎⁎
Retired	0.289⁎⁎	− 0.076	0.234⁎	− 0.024
Unemployed	0.124	0.050	0.185⁎	0.073
Economically inactive	− 0.056	0.003	− 0.050	− 0.040
General health: Very good	0.613⁎⁎	0.381⁎⁎	0.608⁎⁎	0.550⁎⁎
Good	0.437⁎⁎	0.328⁎⁎	0.459⁎⁎	0.433⁎⁎
Fair	0.233⁎	0.317⁎⁎	0.240⁎	0.359⁎⁎
Psychological wellbeing: Good	0.022		− 0.009
Fair	0.192⁎⁎		0.164⁎⁎
Missing	− 0.236		− 0.252
Longstanding illness: Limiting		− 0.088⁎		− 0.098⁎⁎
Non-limiting		0.019		0.020
Accident	0.130⁎		0.058⁎
Health Board average hours phys activity	0.412⁎⁎		0.309⁎⁎
Health Board average BMI	− 0.241⁎⁎		− 0.226⁎⁎
Smoker	− 0.194⁎⁎	− 0.029	− 0.155⁎⁎	− 0.076⁎
Ex-smoker	0.101⁎	0.044	0.094⁎	0.066⁎
Regular under limit drinker	0.172⁎⁎	0.005	0.142⁎⁎	0.034
Regular over limit drinker	0.183⁎⁎	0.018	0.150⁎⁎	0.046
Healthy diet score	0.029⁎⁎	− 0.004	0.028⁎⁎	0.002
Moderate vigour		− 0.780⁎⁎		− 0.861⁎⁎
High vigour		− 0.675⁎⁎		− 0.710⁎⁎
Gamma shape α		0.315⁎⁎		0.218⁎⁎
Copula theta θ				5.597⁎⁎
LogL	− 9298.29		− 9155.25
Kendall tau τ				0.492⁎⁎

Notes: Significance from zero at the 5% level is indicated by ⁎, and at the 1% level by ⁎⁎.

Units of measure: hours over a 4 week period.

Sample size n = 4380, number of participants n₁ = 2327.