Figure 1. Odd ratios* for colorectal adenoma risk in relation to red meat intake (g/1000 kcal) in the CONCeRN study (test for curvature p-value = 0.09).

*Odds ratios (1.00 indicated by solid horizontal black line) are modeled on a continuous basis using a four knot cubic regression spline. Odds ratios are indicated by the solid red line and 95% confidence intervals by dashed blue lines. The referent (solid vertical black line) is an intake of 9.4 g/1000kcal of red meat (median of the first quartile), with knots placed at the 5^th, 25^th, 75^th, and 95^th percentiles of the distribution of red meat intake. The odds ratios were adjusted for age (continuous), education (high school or less, vocational/technical/business, 1–3 years or college/junior college, college graduate, graduate/professional degree), race (White, African-American, other), smoking status (never, former, current), physical activity (no moderate or vigorous activity, moderate, vigorous), BMI (continuous, kg/m²), study center (Bethesda, Portsmouth, San Diego, Washington D.C.), current HRT use (yes, no), family history of colorectal polyps or cancer (yes, no), regular NSAID use (defined as once a week for at least one month at any time prior to three months before colonoscopy; yes, no, don’t know/missing), alcohol intake (<5 g/day, 5–14.9 g/day, ≥15 g/day), fiber (continuous, g/1,000 kcal), dietary calcium (continuous, g/1,000 kcal), calcium from supplements (continuous, g/day), and total caloric intake (continuous, kcal/day).