Table 2.
Strategies | Approach | Reference |
---|---|---|
Strategies to increase the number of HPV antigen-expressing/HPV antigen-loaded DCs | ||
[1] Routes of administration | (a) Intradermal administration via gene gun | [26, 27, 55] |
(b) Intramuscular injection followed by electroporation |
[29–33] | |
(c) Intradermal injection followed by laser treatment |
[36, 37] | |
(d) Intramuscular injection of DNA vaccine encapsulated by microparticles |
[39, 40] | |
[2] Increasing intercellular spreading of HPV antigens to DCs |
(a) VP22 | [48–55] |
(b) MVP22 | [56] | |
(c) BVP22 | [57, 58] | |
[3] Targeting Ag directly to DCs by linking Ag to DC-binding molecules |
(a) Flt3 Ligand | [60, 61] |
(b) HSP70 | [63] | |
[4] Enhancing the release of Ag into the DC milieu |
(a) IM-coadministration of DNA encoding xenogenic MHC I with DNA vaccine increases cross-presentation in DCs |
[67] |
(b) Enhanced release of HPV antigen from tumor cells pre-treated with chemo-radiotherapy |
[69–74] | |
Improving HPV antigen expression, processing and presentation in dendritic cells | ||
[1] Enhancing the level of antigen expression in transfected DCs |
(a) Codon optimization | [32, 76–78] |
(b) Employing demethylating agents | [80, 81] | |
[2] Enhancing transcription of MHCI and MHC II |
Co-administration of DNA encoding CIITA with HPV DNA |
[82] |
[3] Enhancing antigen processing through MHC I pathway |
(a) Targeting Ag for proteasomal degradation | [84, 85] |
(b) Targeting antigen to endoplasmic reticulum | [87–89] | |
(c) Targeting antigen for cross-presentation | [90] | |
[4] Enhancing antigen processing through MHC II pathway |
Linking HPV antigens to LAMP-1 to target antigen to the endosomal/lysosomal compartment |
[93, 94] |
[5] Bypassing antigen processing by MHC I pathway |
Linking HPV antigens to MHC I single chain trimer to generate stable antigen presentation in DC |
[95] |
Strategies to enhance DC function and interaction with T cells | ||
[1] Prolonging DC and T cell survival to enhance T cell priming and activation |
(a) Strategy to prolong DC survival | [96–98] |
(b) Strategy to prolong T cell survival | [99] | |
[2] Priming CD4+ T helper cells to enhance DC and T cell interaction | [100, 102] | |
[3] Employing cytokines and co-stimulatory signals to enhance T cell and DC activation | [25, 105] | |
[4] Promoting DC activation and expansion | [107–109, 111] | |
[5] Eliminating immunosuppressive Treg to improve T cell priming | [115–117] |