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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Oct 30;1802(10):918–923. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.10.010

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

A. Simplified schematic of starvation- and non-starvation-induced autophagy. Putative effectors of autophagy are highlighted in white boxes. B. Electron micrograph showing autophagosomes (t he “gold standard” for detection of autophagy) in an axons after traumatic brain injury in mice (bar = 100 nm). Abbreviations: 3-MA, 3-methyladenine; Atg, autophagy complex component; ERK, extracellular signal regulated protein kinase; GAIP, Gα-interacting protein; GCEE, γ-glutamyl cysteine-ethyl ester; LC3, light chain 3; MEK, mitogen activated protein kinase/ERK; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; P, phosphate; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKB, protein kinase B; U0126, 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis[2-aminophenylthio]butadiene.