Table 1.
Non-standardized regression coefficients (β), standard errors, z statistics, and p-values for the dependent factors in the primary model (depression symptoms to smoking) and the alternative model (smoking to depression symptoms).
| Primary Model (Depression Symptoms to Smoking) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Level | Smoking Trend | |||||||
| β | SE | z | p-value | β | SE | z | p-value | |
| Depression symptoms level | -0.07 | 0.08 | -0.95 | 0.34 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 2.44 | 0.02 |
| Depression symptoms trend | - | - | - | - | -0.47 | 0.26 | -1.76 | 0.08 |
| Peer smoking level | 0.90 | 0.09 | 9.79 | <0.0001 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 3.80 | <0.0001 |
| Peer smoking trend | - | - | - | - | 1.45 | 0.22 | 6.52 | <0.0001 |
| Non-White | -0.19 | 0.07 | -2.75 | 0.01 | -0.06 | 0.05 | -1.23 | 0.22 |
| Female | -0.09 | 0.06 | -1.55 | 0.12 | -0.06 | 0.04 | -1.36 | 0.18 |
| Household smoking | -0.01 | 0.02 | -0.49 | 0.62 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.81 |
| Alcohol use (past 30 days) | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.22 | 0.82 | -0.04 | 0.02 | -2.01 | 0.05 |
| Marijuana use (past 30 days) | -0.07 | 0.03 | -2.69 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.42 | 0.68 |
| Individual physical activity | -0.04 | 0.02 | -1.82 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 1.67 | 0.10 |
| Team sport participation | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.07 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.22 | 0.83 |
| Depression Symptoms Level | Depression Symptoms Trend | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | z | p-value | β | SE | z | p-value | |
| Smoking level | - | - | - | - | 0.003 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.90 |
| Peer smoking level | - | - | - | - | -0.09 | 0.04 | -2.61 | 0.01 |
| Non-White | 0.05 | 0.04 | 1.24 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 2.02 | 0.04 |
| Female | 0.16 | 0.04 | 4.04 | <0.0001 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.57 | 0.57 |
| Household smoking | -0.01 | 0.02 | -0.82 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.76 |
| Alcohol use (past 30 days) | -0.02 | 0.01 | -1.36 | 0.17 | -0.02 | 0.01 | -2.50 | 0.01 |
| Marijuana use (past 30 days) | -0.03 | 0.02 | -1.32 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.30 | 0.19 |
| Individual physical activity | -0.01 | 0.01 | -0.77 | 0.44 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.82 | 0.07 |
| Team sport participation | -0.02 | 0.02 | -1.01 | 0.31 | 0.00 | 0.01 | -0.06 | 0.95 |
| Peer Smoking Level | Peer Smoking Trend | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | z | p-value | β | SE | z | p-value | |
| Smoking level | - | - | - | - | -0.05 | 0.02 | -2.13 | 0.03 |
| Depression symptoms level | 0.37 | 0.06 | 5.99 | <0.0001 | -0.06 | 0.03 | -1.64 | 0.10 |
| Depression symptoms trend | - | - | - | - | 0.52 | 0.14 | 3.85 | <0.0001 |
| Non-White | 0.24 | 0.05 | 4.86 | <0.0001 | -0.08 | 0.03 | -2.68 | 0.01 |
| Female | -0.03 | 0.05 | -0.70 | 0.48 | 0.00 | 0.03 | -0.11 | 0.91 |
| Household smoking | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.77 | 0.44 | -0.01 | 0.01 | -0.89 | 0.37 |
| Alcohol use (past 30 days) | -0.03 | 0.02 | -1.92 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.56 | 0.12 |
| Marijuana use (past 30 days) | -0.02 | 0.02 | -0.80 | 0.42 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.74 | 0.46 |
| Individual physical activity | 0.06 | 0.02 | 3.88 | <0.0001 | -0.02 | 0.01 | -1.74 | 0.08 |
| Team sport participation | -0.01 | 0.02 | -0.71 | 0.48 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.78 | 0.44 |
| Alternative Model (Smoking to Depression Symptoms) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression Symptoms Level | Depression Symptoms Trend | |||||||
| β | SE | z | p-value | β | SE | z | p-value | |
| Smoking level | -0.07 | 0.05 | -1.37 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 1.71 | 0.09 |
| Smoking trend | - | - | - | - | -.15 | 0.07 | -2.14 | 0.03 |
| Peer smoking level | 0.31 | 0.07 | 4.30 | <0.0001 | -0.07 | 0.04 | -1.84 | 0.07 |
| Peer smoking trend | - | - | - | - | 0.60 | 0.19 | 3.21 | 0.001 |
| Non-White | -0.03 | 0.05 | -0.56 | 0.58 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 2.25 | 0.02 |
| Female | 0.15 | 0.04 | 3.65 | <0.0001 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.61 | 0.55 |
| Household smoking | -0.02 | 0.02 | -1.04 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.60 | 0.55 |
| Alcohol use (past 30 days) | -0.01 | 0.01 | -0.63 | 0.53 | -0.03 | 0.01 | -2.68 | 0.01 |
| Marijuana use (past 30 days) | -0.02 | 0.02 | -1.19 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.79 | 0.43 |
| Individual physical activity | -0.03 | 0.02 | -1.94 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 2.30 | 0.02 |
| Team sport participation | -0.01 | 0.02 | -0.44 | 0.66 | -0.01 | 0.01 | -0.71 | 0.48 |
| Smoking Level | Smoking Trend | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | z | p-value | β | SE | z | p-value | |
| Depression symptoms level | - | - | - | - | 0.09 | 0.06 | 1.63 | 0.10 |
| Peer smoking level | - | - | - | - | 0.12 | 0.06 | 1.82 | 0.07 |
| Non-White | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.70 | 0.48 | -0.14 | 0.04 | -3.38 | 0.001 |
| Female | -0.07 | 0.06 | -1.29 | 0.20 | -0.05 | 0.04 | -1.38 | 0.17 |
| Household smoking | -0.002 | 0.03 | -0.10 | 0.92 | -0.01 | 0.02 | -0.45 | 0.65 |
| Alcohol use (past 30 days) | -0.04 | 0.02 | -1.73 | 0.08 | -0.02 | 0.02 | -1.13 | 0.26 |
| Marijuana use (past 30 days) | -0.09 | 0.03 | -3.17 | 0.002 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 1.64 | 0.10 |
| Individual physical activity | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 0.54 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.89 | 0.37 |
| Team sport participation | 0.04 | 0.03 | 1.30 | 0.20 | 0.003 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.84 |
| Peer Smoking Level | Peer Smoking Trend | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | z | p-value | β | SE | z | p-value | |
| Depression symptoms level | - | - | - | - | -0.09 | 0.03 | -3.02 | 0.003 |
| Smoking level | 0.50 | 0.05 | 10.18 | <0.0001 | -0.11 | 0.03 | -4.18 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking trend | - | - | - | - | 0.30 | 0.03 | 9.53 | <0.0001 |
| Non-White | 0.24 | 0.05 | 5.24 | <0.0001 | -0.02 | 0.03 | -0.91 | 0.36 |
| Female | 0.07 | 0.04 | 1.61 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.47 | 0.64 |
| Household smoking | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.61 | 0.54 | -0.01 | 0.01 | -0.67 | 0.50 |
| Alcohol use (past 30 days) | -0.02 | 0.02 | -1.32 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.29 | 0.20 |
| Marijuana use (past 30 days) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.94 | 0.35 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.69 |
| Individual physical activity | 0.05 | 0.02 | 3.52 | <0.0001 | -0.02 | 0.01 | -1.84 | 0.07 |
| Team sport participation | -0.04 | 0.02 | -2.29 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.04 | 0.30 |
|
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Note. Level represents the baseline level for a given growth process; trend represents the rate of change in a given process for a unit change in time; Female (1=Male, 2=Female); Non-white (0=white, 1=non-white); 30-day alcohol use (30-day alcohol use, 1=0 days to 7=20 or more days); 30-day marijuana use (30-day marijuana use, 1=0 times to 6=40 or more times); Household smoking (1=at least one household member smokes, 0=nobody living at home smokes).