Table 1.

Possible Justifications for providing post-trial treatment

Justification	Duty bearer	Duty owed to	Benefits owed
Harm to participants	The responsible causes of injuries i.e. researchers, sponsors	Only those injured by research procedures i.e. injured participants	Compensation proportional to harm
Fiduciary relationship	Trustees in the relationship i.e. researchers, sponsors	Beneficiaries in the relationship i.e. participants	Depends on vulnerability of participants, gratitude owed, and depth of relationship
Reciprocity	Beneficiaries who facilitated the research i.e. researchers, sponsors, governments who facilitate research	Contributors to research i.e. participants, researchers, sponsors, governments who facilitate research	A fair share of the benefits generated by research
Duty of rescue	All those who can help	People in urgent need	Provision of vital assistance if at low cost
Imperfect duty of Beneficence	All those who can help	People in need	Contribution to increase in total welfare
Global justice	All those who can help	People in unjust situations	Contribution to making the world more just