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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jan 28.
Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2009 Aug 4;104(10):1658–1668. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02667.x

Table 2.

Odds ratios resulting from two-level HLMa analyses in which each reason for abstaining was regressed on type of abstainer, gender and age (Level 1 variables) and percent abstainers and average frequency of drinking in past year (Level 2 variables) conducted separately for all abstainers, former drinkers only and females only

Person-level (Level 1) variables
 Country-level (Level 2)
variablesb
Reason for abstaining -
Endorsed (1), Not endorsed (0)		 Group of respondents
included in analysis		 Type of
abstainer -
Lifetime (1)
vs
former
drinker (0)		 Male (1) vs
female (0)		 Age Percent
abstainers		 Average
frequency
(number of
days past
year)
I have no interest in drinkingd All abstainers 1.311** 0.761 0.991*** 1.004 1.007
Former drinkers 0.798* 0.991** 1.010 0.999
Female abstainers 1.221* 0.989** 1.040§ 0.986
Drinking is against my religione All abstainers 1.690 1.100 0.999 1.085*** 0.991§
Former drinkers 1.490*** 0.995 1.060** 0.995
Female abstainers 1.931* 1.001 1.055*** 0.996
Drinking is bad for your healthf All abstainers 1.112 1.021 1.000 1.003 0.994*
Former drinkers 0.989 1.003 0.999 0.996§
Female abstainers 1.121 1.000 1.000 0.993**
I was brought up not to drinkg All abstainers 3.531* 0.938 0.998 1.010 1.004
Former drinkers 0.910 1.003 1.004 1.006
Female abstainers 2.904* 1.003 1.017§ 1.000
I don’t like the taste of alcoholh All abstainers 0.966 0.715§ 0.992*** 1.001 0.995*
Former drinkers 0.587* 0.987*** 1.000 0.995§
Female abstainers 0.866 0.994** .996 0.998
Drinking is too expensive All abstainers 0.926 1.063 1.000 1.017§ 0.999
Former drinkers 1.098 1.000 1.024 0.993
Female abstainers 0.848 1.002 1.014§ 1.001
Drinking is a waste of moneyi All abstainers 0.966 1.076 0.996* 1.012* 0.997
Former drinkers 1.025 0.997 1.005 0.997
Female abstainers 0.905 0.998 1.009§ 0.996
I am afraid I would have problems with alcohol or be an alcoholic if I drankj All abstainers 1.111 1.574** 0.992 1.035* 1.006
Former drinkers 1.956*** 0.991** 0.998 1.014§
Female abstainers 1.300* 0.992 1.027* 1.007
I don’t like the effect of alcohol on mek Former drinkers 0.896 0.992 0.999 1.009*
Drinking would have a bad effect on my activities Former drinkers 1.491** 0.991 0.998 1.001
My health is bad and I can’t drink or I can’t drink because of the medications I am takingccl Former drinkers 0.911 1.033*** 1.024§ 0.998
No particular reason/no occasion where I wanted to drink Former drinkers 1.042 1.009 .979 1.017§
***

p-value<001,

**

p-value<.01,

*

p-value<.05,

§

p-value<0.10

a

Hierarchical Linear Modelling V.6, Bernoulli model for dichotomous outcome variable15.

b

Country-level intercept included in all models but results not shown.

c

Reasons asked separately for most but not all countries; therefore, combined in the present analyses for comparison purposes.

d

Negative relationship with age for lifetime abstainers in NG (p < .05); for former drinkers in UY (p <.01), CA (p < .001).

e

Negative relationship with age for lifetime abstainers in CA (p < .001), SE (p < .01); for former drinkers in SE (p < .05).

f

Negative relationship with age for lifetime abstainers and former drinkers in CA (p < .05), SE (p < .001).

g

Negative relationship with age for lifetime abstainers in PE (p < .05).

h

Negative relationship with age for lifetime abstainers SE (p < .05); for former drinkers in UG (p < .05), PE (P < .05), CA (p < .05).

i

Negative relationship with age for former drinkers in UG (p < .05).

j

Negative relationship with age for lifetime abstainers in CA (p < .01), SE (p < .05); for former drinkers in SE (p < .01).

k

Negative relationship with age for former drinkers in SE (p < .001).

l

Positive relationship with age for former drinkers in NG (p < .05), UG (p < .05), UY (p < .001), PE (p < .001), CA (p < .001), AR (p < .01).