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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pathophysiology. 2009 Dec 24;17(4):229–251. doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.11.003

Table 5.

Correlation of lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and lymphatic metastasis

# of
Patients
Method of
Analysis
Comments P valuea Reference
177 Double IHC,
D2-40/Ki-67
Proliferating lymphatics were detected in 29% of
specimens and were significantly associated with
inflammatory infiltrate
Not assessed [23]
123 IHC Higher incidence of LVI was associated with increased
LEC proliferation and correlated to the presence of
micrometastases
P=0.002 [42]
121 Double IHC,
podoplanin &
Ki-67
No correlation between intratumoral lymphatic vessel
density inside the lymph node metastases and patient
survival
NS [80]
110 Double IHC,
D2-40/Ki-67
Median intra- and perinodal lymphatic endothelial cell
proliferation fractions were higher in metastatic LN
P<0.001 [86]
75 Double IHC,
LYVE-1/Ki-67
None of the breast carcinomas displayed dividing
lymphatic endothelial cells, but a fraction of the
peritumoral lymphatics contained tumor emboli
NS [77]
65 Double IHC,
D2-40/Ki-67
LECP%b correlated with a positive non-sentinel LN status P = 0.01 [85]
56 Double IHC,
D2-40/Ki-67
The degree of lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation was
predictive of LN metastasis. Inflammatory breast cancer
specimens displayed significantly higher LECP% than
non-inflammatory breast tumors (5.74% vs. 1.83%,
P=0.005)
P = 0.01 [24]
32 Double IHC,
LYVE-1/Ki-67
Inflammatory breast cancers contained significantly higher
LECP% than non-inflammatory specimens (P = 0.033)
Not assessed [84]
a

P value indicates significant association of a fraction of lymphatic endothelial cells undergoing division with lymphatic metastasis.

b

LECP%, lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation fraction or percent of total LEC identified by specific lymphatic endothelial cell markers.

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