Table 4.
Incremental Cost Associated with Overweight and Obesity Stratified by Study Characteristics*
| Study Characteristic | Overweight | Obesity | Overweight &Obesity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study Design | |||
| Nationally Representative Sample | 792 (n = 10) | 2137 (n = 11) | 1482 (n = 10) |
| Less Representative Sample | 310 (n = 10) | 1249 (n = 12) | 902 (n = 11) |
| Attributable Risk | 288 (n = 2) | 1171 (n = 3) | 709 (n = 3) |
| Modeling | 180 (n = 2) | 1722 (n = 4) | 1187 (n = 2) |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) cutoff | |||
| Standard | 612 (n = 19) | 1879 (n = 21) | 1294 (n = 19) |
| Nonstandard | 65 (n = 5) | 1049 (n = 9) | 666 (n = 7) |
| Cost Reporting Method | |||
| Costs | 1060 (n = 5) | 2016 (n = 9) | 1881 (n = 5) |
| Charges** | 423 (n = 6) | 1444 (n = 6) | 916 (n = 6) |
| Expenditures | 311 (n = 9) | 1656 (n = 10) | 1013 (n = 10) |
| Mixed | 330 (n = 4) | 1103 (n = 5) | 843 (n = 5) |
| Health Care Costs | |||
| Obesity-related costs only | 407 (n = 4) | 1031 (n = 7) | 723 (n = 5) |
| All health care costs | 516 (n = 20) | 1812 (n = 23) | 1220 (n = 21) |
| Gender | |||
| Men | 403 (n = 8) | 1453 (n = 10) | 991 (n = 9) |
| Women | 690 (n = 9) | 2207 (n = 11) | 1679 (n = 10) |
| Age Groups‡ | |||
| Adults | 119 (n = 6) | 1321 (n = 11) | 811 (n = 7) |
| Employed | 255 (n = 11) | 1085 (n = 12) | 742 (n = 12) |
| Limited | 1205 (n = 7) | 3049 (n = 7) | 2094 (n = 7) |
| Characteristics of Participants | |||
| Adjusted† | 532 (n = 15) | 1817 (n = 18) | 1235 (n = 16) |
| Unadjusted† | 441 (n = 9) | 1409 (n = 11) | 948 (n = 10) |
*
All estimates are in 2008 USD.
**
Charges were adjusted to costs using a single cost-to-charge ratio, as described in the text.
‡
“Adults” refers to all adults, “Employed” refers to younger adult populations (approximately ages 18–65), and “Limited” refers to age-restricted samples, usually consisting of near-elderly or elderly adults.
†
Includes two studies that report both unadjusted and adjusted cost estimates.