TABLE 2.
Unadjusted Comparison of Individual Perceived and Objective Neighborhood Environment variables by Weekday Walking to or from School
| Mean/Percentage | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | Any walking to or from school (n=500) | No Walking to or from school (n=390) | p-value (significance test + or ^) | |
| Perception of Neighborhood Variables (survey) | ||||
| There are places I like to walk in my neighborhood | % Agree | 69.6 | 60.0 | 0.0028+* |
| There are sidewalks in my neighborhood | % Agree | 70.6 | 65.4 | 0.0971+ |
| There are biking/walking trails in my neighborhood | % Agree | 50.0 | 44.4 | 0.0945+ |
| It is safe to walk in my neighborhood | % Agree | 71.2 | 68.7 | 0.4222+ |
| I see walkers/bikers from my home | % Agree | 66.0 | 63.1 | 0.3652+ |
| There is too much traffic in my neighborhood | % Disagree | 67.8 | 69.5 | 0.5907+ |
| There is a lot of crime in my neighborhood | % Disagree | 66.4 | 74.9 | 0.0062+* |
| I often see kids playing in my neighborhood | % Agree | 63.0 | 61.8 | 0.7126+ |
| There are interesting things to look at in my neighborhood | % Agree | 45.6 | 40.8 | 0.1492+ |
| The streets are well lit in my neighborhood | % Agree | 41.2 | 44.1 | 0.3847+ |
| Total Perceived Destinations | mean | 4.5 | 4.7 | 0.3323^ |
| Objective Environment/Neighborhood Variables (GIS calculated) | ||||
| Total Destinations | mean | 4.5 | 3.5 | <.0001^* |
| Distance to School | miles | 0.82 | 1.0 | <.0001^* |
| Townsend Index | # | −0.29 | 0.1 | <.0001^* |
| % African American | % | 16.8% | 17.0% | 0.8835^ |
| % Hispanic | % | 7.9% | 4.4% | <.0001^* |
| Total Population | Per sq mile | 2189.1 | 2364.1 | 0.0018^* |
| Street Connectivity Index | # | 0.7 | −0.0 | <.0001^* |
| Block Size Index | # | −1.1 | −0.5 | <.0001^* |
| Land Use Mix (diversity) Index | # | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2393^ |
| Individual Race/Ethnicity (survey) | ||||
| Nonhispanic White | % | 37.8% | 46.4% | 0.0097+* |
| Nonhispanic African American | % | 20.8% | 21.5% | 0.7889+ |
| Hispanic | % | 30.2% | 19.0% | 0.0001+* |
| Nonhispanic Other | % | 11.2% | 13.1% | 0.393+ |
†: treatment (intervention effects were adjusted for in model
#
Street connectivity, block size and Townsend indices: each component in index standardized by subtracting means and dividing by standard deviation; standardized components then added for scale values; the resulting scales range in the data from: street connectivity (−5.50 to 15.81), block size (−2.12 to 10.25), Townsend index (−3.66 to 1.22)); Land use mix (diversity) index ranges from 0–1.
Significance Test:
+
Chi-Square
^
T-Test
*
= significant at the 0.05 level