Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of PREMIER study participants by quartile of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Quartiles |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | P for trend | All Participants |
| SSB intake, fl oz/day | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0 | 6.3 (2.3) | 12.0 (1.8) | 27.0 (10.7) | 10.5 (11.9) | |
| Median (range) | 0 (0–0) | 6.3 (0.2–8.5) | 12.4 (8.6–16.4) | 25.0 (16.5–75.4) | 8.5 (0–75.4) | |
| Age, year | 52.2 (8.4) | 50.3 (9.3) | 49.4 (8.9) | 47.1 (8.5) | <0.001 | 50.0 (8.9) |
| Female, % | 63.3 | 72.0 | 64.5 | 50.5 | 0.01 | 61.5 |
| Africa American, % | 19.0 | 34.0 | 44.7 | 46.5 | <0.001 | 34.0 |
| Education (have college degree or above), % | 59.4 | 65.0 | 57.4 | 50.0 | 0.06 | 57.2 |
| Annual household income (above $45,000/year), % | 76.4 | 65.0 | 65.5 | 67.0 | 0.01 | 70.0 |
| Marriage status (married), % | 69.2 | 65.0 | 62.9 | 65.0 | 0.50 | 66.1 |
| Current smoking (yes), % | 4.4 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 7.1 | 0.50 | 4.8 |
| Current alcohol intake (yes), % | 58.4 | 56.0 | 42.1 | 34.5 | <0.001 | 48.1 |
| Physical activity (time spent on moderate or hard activity), min/week† | 210 | 180 | 145 | 175 | 0.19 | 173.5 |
| Fitness, mean (SD): heart beats/min | 129.0 (13.6) | 130.3 (14.6) | 130.0 (14.4) | 133.2 (15.7) | 0.009 | 130.5 (14.5) |
| Anthropometric measurements, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Weight, lbs | 204.3 (40.1) | 193.9 (40.0) | 211.3 (39.4) | 224.7 (42.7) | <0.001 | 209.8 (41.5) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.4 (5.7) | 31.2 (5.2) | 33.5 (5.8) | 34.5 (5.9) | <0.001 | 33.1 (5.8) |
| Waist Circumference, cm | 106.7 (14.8) | 102.5 (14.6) | 107.9 (15.2) | 111.3 (15.5) | <0.001 | 107.6 (15.2) |
| Dietary intake, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Total energy, kcal/day | 1785.8 (567.2) | 1755.2 (509.8) | 1988.4 (611.3) | 2180.0 (683.5) | <0.001 | 1904.5 (625.2) |
| Total protein, % of TEI | 17.3 (4.5) | 16.0 (3.6) | 15.2 (3.4) | 14.4 (3.1) | <0.001 | 15.9 (4.0) |
| Total fat, % of TEI | 33.9 (8.5) | 32.1 (7.7) | 32.8 (7.0) | 32.7 (6.7) | 0.13 | 33.1 (7.6) |
| Saturated fat, % of TEI | 11.2 (3.5) | 10.9 (3.0) | 10.7 (3.0) | 10.7 (2.8) | 0.35 | 10.9 (3.2) |
| Monounsaturated fat, % of TEI | 13.4 (4.1) | 12.6 (3.5) | 12.8 (3.3) | 12.9 (3.2) | 0.17 | 13.2 (3.6) |
| Polyunsaturated fat, % of TEI | 7.2 (2.8) | 6.5 (2.5) | 7.1 (2.4) | 7.0 (2.4) | 0.75 | 7.0 (2.6) |
| Trans fat, % of TEI | 2.3 (1.2) | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.2) | 0.96 | 2.3 (1.2) |
| Total carbohydrate, % of TEI | 48.6 (10.3) | 52.1 (8.9) | 52.4 (9.2) | 53.7 (8.3) | <0.001 | 51.3 (9.6) |
| Glucose, g/day | 18.3 (10.2) | 24.0 (11.0) | 29.2 (11.7) | 42.1 (17.4) | <0.001 | 27.5 (15.8) |
| Fructose, g/day | 16.0 (10.8) | 20.1 (9.0) | 28.1 (11.6) | 42.1 (17.6) | <0.001 | 25.9 (16.5) |
| Sucrose, g/day | 42.6 (28.1) | 44.5 (23.1) | 49.8 (29.1) | 59.0 (31.9) | <0.001 | 48.7 (29.5) |
| Total sugar, g/day | 92.3 (42.7) | 104.6 (41.2) | 122.1 (44.3) | 156.8 (52.2) | <0.001 | 116.9 (52.4) |
| Dairy foods, serving/day† | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.01 | 1.4 |
| Fruit and vegetable, serving/day | 4.7 (2.3) | 4.5 (2.3) | 4.5 (2.3) | 4.2 (2.4) | 0.003 | 4.5 (2.3) |
| Dietary fiber, g/day | 18.0 (7.7) | 16.4 (7.8) | 16.3 (7.5) | 16.0 (7.7) | 0.001 | 16.9 (7.7) |
| Caffeine, mg/day† | 157.8 | 110.9 | 79.1 | 101.4 | <0.001 | 111.2 |
| Calcium, mg/day† | 711.4 | 633.5 | 666.2 | 651.1 | 0.049 | 672.5 |
| Magnesium, mg/day | 287.2 (98.1) | 261.7 (102.7) | 265.9 (105.5) | 261.2 (114.6) | 0.001 | 272.0 (105.3) |
| Folate, ug/day | 346.2 (157.2) | 333.1 (148.0) | 332.5 (165.2) | 332.2 (162.8) | 0.70 | 337.6 (158.4) |
| DASH Index | −3.2 (2.3) | −3.3 (2.2) | −3.2 (2.1) | −3.4 (1.9) | 0.68 | −3.3 (2.1) |
| Urinary excretion, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Sodium, mmol/24h | 174.7 (72.4) | 155.7 (55.9) | 169.4 (71.2) | 189.1 (80.4) | 0.21 | 174.5 (72.7) |
| Potassium, g/24h | 70.1 (25.0) | 65.7 (23.9) | 63.8 (24.8) | 65.2 (29.6) | 0.002 | 66.6 (26.0) |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD) | ||||||
| SBP, mmHg | 135.2 (9.5) | 135.7 (10.0) | 135.6 (9.7) | 133.2 (9.6) | 0.57 | 134.9 (9.6) |
| DBP, mmHg | 84.2 (3.8) | 84.9 (4.0) | 85.4 (4.6) | 85.0 (4.2) | 0.01 | 84.8 (4.2) |
| Prevalence of hypertension, % | 35.4 | 41.0 | 41.2 | 34.0 | 0.31 | 37.5 |
†
Median was shown instead of mean because of the highly skewed distribution of that variable
P for trend by Wilcoxon rank-sum test
TEI: total energy intake