Table 1.
Recent Biomarker and Disease Pathway Elucidation with the Advancement in Various Proteomic Based Technologies
| Biology | Discovery | Proteomic Technique | Species | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrite mediated cardioprotection | Involvement of following mitochondrial proteins: PDIA3, COQ9, ALDH2, | MALDI-TOF MS | Rat | [80] |
| Hypertension induced cardiomyopathy | Decrease in expression of metabolic proteins: adenylate kinase 1, creatine kinase-M, lactate dehydrogenase | 2DE, Orbitrap MS | Mouse | [81] |
| Protein expression in the aging ventricle | Elucidation of protein networks affected: carbohydrate metabolism, cell morphology, cell assembly Significant fluctuations in metabolic proteins | iTRAQ | Rat | [82] |
| Adrenaline and/or reactive oxygen species mediated cardiomyopathy | Increase in expression of myosin regulatory light chain 2 in both groups, decrease in proteins involved in energetic metabolism in both groups (electron transfer flavoprotein beta subunit) | MALDI-TOF | Rat | [83] |
| Differentiating protein expression in failing and non-failing hearts | Identification of known and novel proteins involved in the progression to overt failure, with a corresponding correlation to expression patterns seen in the wild-type cardiac transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome | Reverse Phase Gel-Free Liquid Chromatography | Human | [84] |
| Proteomic analysis of chronic heart failure | Discovery of heat shock proteins, endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins, oxidative stress proteins, and metabolic enzymes involved in progression to CHF | 2DE | Rat | [10] |
| Proteomic alterations in cardiac disease in frataxin knockout mice | Decreases in expression of iron dependent complexes in the mitochondrial apparatus, with an increase in citric acid cycle enzymes and catabolic enzymes | 2DE | Mouse | [85] |
| Proteomic analysis of hyperdynamic mouse hearts | Identification of differential regulation of myosin light chain isoforms, and post-translational modifications. | 2DE, MALDI TOF, LC-MS/MS | Mouse | [86] |
| Differential expression of ferritin light chain in coronary atheroscelerosis | Increased expression of ferritin light chain in diseased coronary arteries, confirming that there is an increase in iron during CAD | 2DE | Human | [79] |
| Isolation of cardiac troponins from biological samples | A unique method for the extraction of cardiac troponins from the left ventricle of patients with cardiovascular disease is described | Affinity chromatography, MALDI-TOF | Human | [87] |
| Proteomic profiling of chronic heart failure | Discovery of upregulation in HSP70 in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy relative to control samples | 2DE, MS | Human/Rat | [9] |
| Investigation of post-translational modifications of cardiac troponin I | Proteomic approach used to understand the complex interplay between phosphorylation and proteolysis of cardiac troponin I, to strengthen its role as a biomarker | ESI/FTMS | Human | [88] |
| Proteomic analysis of diabetic myocardial proteome | Profiling of the diseased cardiac proteome allowed for the analysis of free-radical production as well as antioxidant defense mechanisms. | 2DE, MALDI-TOF MS | Rat | [89] |
| Proteomic analysis of ischemia/reperfusion model | Validated isolated organ perfusion as a potential diagnostic tool for biomarker discovery | 2DE LC-MS/MS | Rat | [4] |
| Proteomic analysis of ischemia/reperfusion model | Identified 25 mitochondrial proteins involved in mitochondrial respiratory chain and energy metabolism differentially expressed in ischemia-reperfusion hearts | 2DE MALDI-TOF | Rabbit | [3] |
| Proteomic analysis of myocardial infarction | Gel-free analysis of cardiac troponin isoforms from blood samples of patients with acute myocardial infarctions | SELDI-TOF | Human | [2] |
| Clinical detection of BNP in patients with congestive heart failure | Developed a surface affinity chip to enhance enrichment, separation, and detection of BNP in human plasma. | MALDI-TOF | Human | [8] |
| Innovative proteomic technique for the analysis of myocardial hibernation | Demonstrated improvement of a label-free LC-Orbitrap method over a parallel study using 2DE for expression profiling of myocardial mitochondrial proteins | LC-Orbitrap | Pig | [90] |
| Proteomic analysis of rat model of heart failure | Identified and quantified changes in cardiac mitochondrial proteins | iTRAQ MuDPIT MS/MS | Rat | [42] |
| Comparative proteomic profiling of a rat model of heart failure resulting from cardiac hypertrophy | Changes in 33 left ventricular mitochondrial proteins in pre-hypertensive/hypertensive stages of cardiac hypertrophy | 2DE MALDI-TOF/TOF (tandem MS) | Rat | [91] |
| Identification of Hpα1 variants involved in the progression to heart failure | Post-translational variants of Hpα1 as plasma biomarkers for left ventricular remodeling from patients with acute myocardial infarctions | SELDI-TOF | Human | [46] |
| Comparative proteomic profiling of a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy | Large-scale shotgun analysis revealed 593 differentially regulated proteins in mice with dilated cardiomyopathy, including key apoptotic proteins | LC-MS, MuDPIT | Mouse | [5] |