Table 2.

Causality testing for each participant

Participant	Condition	Null hypothesis	Parameter(s) constrained	χ2	df	p
1	CBT	Worry −/→ anxiety	φ421=0	9.66	1	.002
		Anxiety −/→ worry	φ412=0	4.81	1	.030
2	CBT	Worry −/→ anxiety	θ821=0	7.63	1	.010
		Anxiety −/→ worry	θ812=0	13.32	1	.000
3	CBT	Worry −/→ anxiety	φ121=0	10.30	1	.001
		Anxiety −/→ worry	θ312=0	11.92	1	.000
4	CBT	Worry −/→ anxiety	φ421=0	18.61	1	.000
		Anxiety −/→ worry	φ312=0	6.31	1	.010
5	CBT	Worry −/→ anxiety	φ1021=0	24.67	1	.000
		Anxiety −/→ worry	φ1012=0	14.28	1	.000
6	CBT	Worry −/→ anxiety	φ121=0	15.78	1	.000
		Anxiety −/→ worry	φ612=0	16.13	1	.000
7	CBT	Worry −/→ anxiety	ns
		Anxiety −/→ worry	ns
8	CBT	Worry −/→ anxiety	θ421=0	20.83	1	.000
		Anxiety −/→ worry	ns
9	CBT	Worry −/→ anxiety	φ921=0	5.98	1	.020
		Anxiety −/→ worry	θ112=0	13.84	1	.000
10	CBT	Worry −/→ anxiety	θ121=0	8.05	1	.004
		Anxiety −/→ worry	θ112=0	10.96	1	.000
11	AR	Worry −/→ anxiety	θ121=0	16.65	1	.000
		Anxiety −/→ worry	ns
12	AR	Worry −/→ anxiety	ns
		Anxiety −/→ worry	φ112=0	9.59	1	.002
13	AR	Worry −/→ anxiety	φ821=0	4.53	1	.030
		Anxiety −/→ worry	φ812=0	4.80	1	.030
14	AR	Worry −/→ anxiety	φ121=0	20.83	1	.000
		Anxiety −/→ worry	φ112=0	56.45	1	.000
15	AR	Worry −/→ anxiety	φ221=0	31.54	1	.000
		Anxiety −/→ worry	φ112=0	12.55	1	.000
16	AR	Worry −/→ anxiety	θ321=0	10.81	1	.001
		Anxiety −/→ worry	φ312=0	12.57	1	.000
17	AR	Worry −/→ anxiety	ns
		Anxiety −/→ worry	ns
18	AR	Worry −/→ anxiety	θ121=0	7.87	1	.005
		Anxiety −/→ worry	θ112=0	16.86	1	.000
19	AR	Worry −/→ anxiety	θ121=0	132.81	1	.000
		Anxiety −/→ worry	θ112=0	4.94	1	.030
20	AR	Worry −/→ anxiety	φ221=0	6.60	1	.010
		Anxiety −/→ worry	φ212=0	43.33	1	.000

Note. CBT=cognitive behavioural therapy; AR=applied relaxation; −/→=does not predict; φ=autoregressive parameter; θ=moving parameter; ns=a parameter that was not significant at any lag (a test was not carried out because causality was not demonstrated).