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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jun 28.
Published in final edited form as: Subst Use Misuse. 2009;44(8):1160–1182. doi: 10.1080/10826080802544133

Table 1.

Measures information

Measure Full list of items Additional information
Ethnic Identification
α = .82

  1. I have tried to learn more about my own ethnic group, such as its history and customs.

  2. I have often talked to other people, like my parents, to learn more about my ethnic group.

  3. I am happy to be part of my ethnic group.

  4. I feel like I really belong to my own ethnic group.

  5. I am very proud of my ethnic group and its accomplishments.

  6. I am involved in the customs, such as food, music, or celebrations, of my own ethnic group.

 The ethnic identification scale items are modified versions of items used in the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (Phinney, 1992). The items were modified to better suit the reading ability of the DRS4 study fifth-grade students.
Parents’ antidrug injunctive norms
α = .92		 How angry would your parents be if they found out you:

  • . . . drank alcohol?

  • . . . smoked cigarettes?

  • . . . smoked marijuana?

 These items were based on one alcohol-related item used on the AAPT questionnaires (Hansen and Graham, 1991)
Friends’ antidrug injunctive norms
α = .88		 How would your best friend react if you:

  • . . . got drunk?

  • . . . smoked cigarettes?

  • . . . smoked marijuana?

 The cigarette and marijuana items were used in Project SMART (Hansen et al., 1988), while the alcohol item was used in both Project SMART and on the AAPT questionnaires (Hansen and Graham, 1991).
Personal norms (against use)
α = .93		 Is it OK for someone your age to:

  • . . . drink alcohol?

  • . . . smoke cigarettes?

  • . . . smoke marijuana?

 The alcohol item is taken loosely from a question on the AAPT questionnaire (Hansen and Graham, 1991), but all of the items were essentially created for the project.
Descriptive norms (against use)
r = .82

  1. About how many kids in your school would you guess have used alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana at least once?

  2. Now think about the friends you hang out with. How many do you think have used alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana at least once?

  3. About how many kids in your school would you guess use alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana regularly?

  4. Now think about the friends you hang out with. How many do you think use alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana regularly?

 (Hansen and Graham, 1991). The DRS3 questions were a shortened version of what appeared in the AAPT questionnaires.
Refusal efficacy
α = .97		 Are you sure you would say no if:

  • . . . a family member offered you alcohol?

  • . . . a close friend offered you marijuana?

  • . . . a kid at school offered you a cigarette?

 The DRS3 items were modified from those used by Kasen et al. (1992) to assess self-efficacy for refusing sexual intercourse.
Substance-use intentions
α = .93		 If you had a chance this weekend, would you use:

  • . . . alcohol?

  • . . . cigarettes?

  • . . . marijuana?

 These items were created specifically for DRS4 to provide a more concrete time frame for the students.
Positive substance-use expectancies
α = .81		 Do you agree or disagree:

  • Drinking alcohol makes parties more fun.

  • Smoking cigarettes makes people less nervous.

  • Smoking marijuana makes it easier to be part of a group.

 The alcohol item was one from the ADAPT questionnaire (Hansen and Graham, 1991), although the others were apparently created for the project.
Ease of getting and availability of substances

  1. How easy would it be to get alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs, if you wanted to try them?

  2. About how often are you in situations where alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs are available to you, even if you don’t want to use them?

 The two items were created for this study.