Table 8.
Outcome in infants with normal diagnosis or with isolated ventriculomegaly (VM)
| Outcome | Comparison of visits* | OR (95% CI) per increment in covariate‡ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6-month (n (%)) | 1-year (n (%)) | 2-year (n (%)) | P† | Atrial diameter, 1-mm increment | Gestational age at birth, 1-week increment | Hollingshead SES scale, 10-point increment | |
| Low developmental score (<85) | |||||||
| BSID-II MDI | 6 (8) | 13 (18) | 8 (17) | 0.25 | 0.76 (0.58–1.01) | 1.03 (0.87–1.23) | 1.03 (0.69–1.54) |
| BSID-II PDI | 28 (39) | 34 (47) | 17 (35) | 0.38 | 1.03 (0.87–1.24) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.80 (0.60–1.08) |
| VABS ABC | 0 (0) | 3 (4) | 11 (23) | 0.006 | 0.75 (0.50–1.13) | 0.96 (0.75–1.22) | 0.75 (0.39–1.43) |
| Any | 29 (40) | 38 (52) | 23 (48) | 0.38 | 0.98 (0.82–1.16) | 0.99 (0.87–1.11) | 0.89 (0.66–1.19) |
| Abnormal neurological exam§ | |||||||
| Head circumference | 16 (23) | 18 (24) | 11 (23) | 0.85 | 1.09 (0.86–1.39) | 1.06 (0.89–1.28) | — |
| Mental status | 5 (7) | 6 (8) | 4 (9) | 0.98 | 0.84 (0.61–1.15) | 0.90 (0.76–1.08) | — |
| Cranial nerves | 3 (4) | 6 (8) | 2 (4) | —¶ | — | — | — |
| Hearing and vision | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | — |
| Strength | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | — |
| Posture and tone | 6 (9) | 3 (5) | 2 (5) | 0.51 | 0.90 (0.47–1.71) | 0.68 (0.51–0.90) | — |
| Deep tendon reflexes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | — |
| Gait | —** | 5 (7) | 1 (2) | 0.14 | 1.25 (0.87–1.79) | 1.73 (0.93–3.21) | — |
| Primitive reflexes | 3 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | — | — | — |
| Any | 24 (36) | 30 (45) | 17 (41) | 0.49 | 1.01 (0.82–1.25) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | — |
| Abnormal postnatal exam§,†† | 48 (55) | 54 (65) | 32 (59) | 0.37 | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | — | — |
| Abnormal outcome | |||||||
| Incl. elective termination§,‡‡ | 70 (64) | 76 (72) | 54 (71) | 0.42 | 1.14 (0.97–1.34) | — | — |
| Excl. elective termination§,# | 58 (60) | 64 (69) | 42 (66) | 0.41 | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | — | — |
Denominators vary between 46 and 113 depending on missing values. Sample restricted to diagnosis of normal (Group 1) or isolated VM (Groups 2 and 3), with all covariates recorded. Ambiguous findings and abnormalities with uncertain functional significance excluded from analysis of neurological outcomes.
Repeated-measures multiple logistic regression analysis, comparing frequency of outcome across visits, adjusted for listed covariates, mother's age, biparietal diameter at time of imaging and offset between nominal and actual visit date.
Odds ratio (OR) from regression analysis, indicating multiplicative change in odds of outcome attributable to indicated increment of covariate, adjusted for other covariates.
Hollingshead SES scale omitted as covariate for neurological outcomes; gestational age and testing date offset additionally omitted for combined outcomes.
Sparse outcome; regression analysis failed to converge.
Assessment of gait not applicable at 6 months of age.
Low developmental score or abnormal neurological exam.
Elective termination (n = 12), stillbirth and spontaneous pregnancy loss (n = 2) and severe postnatal anomalies (n = 8) included as abnormal outcome at every visit, in addition to those with low developmental score or abnormal neurological exam at each particular visit.
Stillbirth and spontaneous pregnancy loss (n = 2) and severe postnatal anomalies (n = 8) included as abnormal outcome at every visit, in addition to those with low developmental score or abnormal neurological exam at each particular visit. BSID-II, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd edition; Excl., excluding; Incl., including; MDI, Mental Developmental Index; PDI, Psychomotor Developmental Index; VABS ABC, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, Adaptive Behavior Composite.