Table 7.2.

Conceptualization of Work–Family Initiatives

Level	Organizational change	Work-group change	Individual or job change
Goals Foster Support	Dependent Care Benefits Statement from top management Work-life staff Work-life committee	Training on emotional support and instrumental support, for supervisors and/or for groups	Educational Programs and/or Employee Groups for users or those with specific family demands
Increase control over work time	Flexible hours and remote work policies Longer leaves and career breaks Provide technology	Training on options Cross-training	Encourage use Back-up users
Manage workload	Part-time and reduced load arrangements No mandatory overtime Paid vacation, sick days, leaves Staffing changes to cover absences, reduce overload (e.g., on-call floater)	Training on options available Work redesign to reduce low-value tasks Cross-training	Work redesign for a specific job Encourage use Back-up users

Note: Italicized initiatives are those that are more familiar to scholars and practitioners.