Table 3.
Urine biochemistry
| Parameter | Control Subjects (n = 16) | Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (n = 9) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Volume (L/d) | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 0.26 |
| pH | 5.90 ± 0.42 | 5.45 ± 0.27 | <0.01 |
| Creatinine (mg/d) | 1503 ± 410 | 1540 ± 550 | 0.81 |
| Sodium (mEq/d) | 97 ± 38 | 75 ± 30 | 0.03 |
| Potassium (mEq/d) | 36 ± 12 | 32 ± 10 | 0.20 |
| Calcium (mg/d) | 157 ± 60 | 160 ± 87 | 0.92 |
| Magnesium (mg/d) | 95 ± 20 | 71 ± 23 | <0.01 |
| Sulfate (mEq/d) | 38 ± 7 | 37 ± 7 | 0.67 |
| Urea nitrogen (g/d) | 8.2 ± 1.6 | 8.1 ± 1.8 | 0.80 |
| Phosphorus (mg/d) | 518 ± 159 | 520 ± 189 | 0.98 |
| Oxalate (mg/d) | 23 ± 4 | 25 ± 5 | 0.05 |
| Chloride (mEq/d) | 93 ± 29 | 78 ± 18 | 0.04 |
| UA (mg/d) | 518 ± 136 | 535 ± 147 | 0.70 |
| Citrate (mg/d) | 762 ± 236 | 499 ± 316 | <0.01 |
| Citrate (mEq/d) | 11 ± 3 | 6 ± 4 | <0.01 |
| Ammonium (mEq/d) | 32 ± 10 | 39 ± 5 | <0.01 |
| TA (mEq/d) | 20 ± 8 | 25 ± 6 | <0.01 |
| Bicarbonate (mEq/d) | 4 ± 4 | 1 ± 2 | <0.01 |
| NAE (mEq/d) | 38 ± 18 | 57 ± 12 | <0.01 |
| NH4+/NAE | 0.94 ± 0.36 | 0.70 ± 0.12 | <0.01 |
| NAE/sulfate | 0.99 ± 0.34 | 1.57 ± 0.38 | <0.01 |
| UUA (mEq/d) | 1 ± 5 | 2 ± 7 | 0.43 |
| NGIA (mEq/d) | 26 ± 18 | 12 ± 22 | 0.03 |
Data are means ± SD and represent the mean of two 24-hour urine collections for each participant. NGIA, net GI alkali absorption.