Table 4.
Cox regression models of time to first cardiovascular events as a function of free p-cresol serum concentrations
| Free p-Cresol(Ln μM) |
||
|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P | |
| (A) Unadjusted | 1.79 (1.41–2.27) | <0.0001 |
| (B) Demographics: age, gender | 1.43 (1.10–1.87) | 0.008 |
| (C) Diabetes | 1.71 (1.34–2.17) | <0.0001 |
| (D) Past medical history: CAD, PAD | 1.59 (1.24–2.02) | 0.0002 |
| (E) eGFR | 1.49 (1.09–2.04) | 0.01 |
| (F) Markers of CKD: Hb, calcium, phosphorus, PTH (Ln) | 1.76 (1.33–2.32) | <0.0001 |
| (G) Markers of inflammation: CRP (Ln) | 1.74 (1.37–2.21) | <0.0001 |
| (H) Markers of nutrition: albumin, BMI | 1.70 (1.33–2.16) | <0.0001 |
| (I) Framingham risk factorsa | 1.40 (1.07–1.84) | 0.01 |
| (J) Current therapy: CEI/ARB, statins, PBT, 25-hydroxy vitamin D | 1.82 (1.40–2.37) | <0.0001 |
| Full model: age, gender, CAD, albumin, calcium, creatinine, 25-hydroxy vitamin D therapy | 1.39 (1.02–1.89) | 0.04 |
ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CEI, converting enzyme inhibitors; CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min per 1.73 m2); Hb, haemoglobin; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PBT, phosphate binder therapy; PTH, parathormone.
Framingham risk factors include age, gender, systolic blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, and serum cholesterol concentrations. In the multivariate Framingham risk factor adjusted model, the proportionality assumption for cholesterol was violated. The results of a time-dependent model are given, in which follow-up time-adjusted cholesterol was entered as covariate.