Table 4.

Estimated Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Effect of Apathy on Impairment in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (N=1136), ECA.

	I. Logistic Regression			II. General Estimating Equations §
Variables	Model 1 OR (95% CI)	Model 2 OR (95% CI)	Model 3 OR (95% CI)	Model 1 OR (95% CI)	Model 2 OR (95% CI)	Model 3 OR (95% CI)	Model 4† OR (95% CI)
Apathy	4.39(2.79–6.90)*	4.30(2.62–7.04)*	4.42(2.65–7.38)*	3.98(2.80–5.67)*	3.70(2.56–5.34)*	4.04(2.80–5.84)*	2.33(1.65–3.29)*
Age (years)	---	1.10(1.07–1.13)*	1.09(1.06–1.12)*	---	1.10(1.07–1.14)*	1.09(1.05–1.13)*	1.10(1.05–1.14)*
Female	---	0.90(0.54–1.53)	0.91(0.53–1.55)	---	1.02(0.611.70)	1.00(0.59–1.71)*	2.53(1.41– 4.54)*
Non-Whites	---	1.72(0.99–2.97)	0.89(0.72–1.09)	---	1.62(0.93–2.82)	1.54(0.87–2.73)	0.92(0.50–1.68)
<High School	---	---	2.03(0.75–5.47)	---	---	1.91(0.72–5.07)	0.78(0.35–1.75)
High School	---	---	1.01(0.36–2.83)	---	---	1.01(0.36–2.81)	0.76(0.35–1.64)
Depression	---	---	0.86(0.23–3.18)	---	---	0.74(0.20–2.80)	2.30(0.74–7.16)

^*p-value < 0.05

OR: Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval

^†Used 13 year follow-up data

^§used repeated measures for apathy, IADL, ADL, and depression (except for Model 3, where depression was only measured at Wave 2