Table 2.
Long-term outcome for single-parent households:
| Intervention Group | Control Group | IGES | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Pre | Post | FU1 | FU2 | Pre | Post | FU1 | FU2 | Post | FU1 | FU2 | |
| Parenting Behavior | ||||||||||||
| PPQ | M | 2.17 | 2.17 | 2.14 | 2.08 | 2.16 | 2.24 | 2.22 | 2.06 | |||
| SD | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.41 | ||||
| ES | - | -0.02 | 0.07 | 0.22 | - | -0.29 | -0.18 | 0.30 | -0.27 | -0.25 | -0.08 | |
| PS | M | 3.24 | 3.09 | 3.01 | 2.87 | 3.26 | 3.08 | 2.98 | 2.99 | |||
| SD | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.79 | 0.81 | ||||
| ES | - | 0.29 | 0.43 | 0.73 | - | 0.84 | 0.61 | 0.41 | -0.55 | -0.18 | 0.32 | |
| Mean IGES (parenting) | -0.28 | -0.22 | 0.12 | |||||||||
| Child Behavior (CBCL) | ||||||||||||
| Internalizing | M | 10.8 | 10.1 | 12.1 | 7.9 | 10.0 | 8.1 | 7.3 | 4.9 | |||
| SD | 8.6 | 8.5 | 10.6 | 7.4 | 8.5 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 5.1 | ||||
| ES | - | 0.19 | -0.22 | 0.40 | - | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.98 | -0.30 | -0.77 | -0.58 | |
| Externalizing | M | 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.4 | 11.6 | 12.6 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 8.5 | |||
| SD | 8.7 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 8.4 | 8.1 | ||||
| ES | - | -0.02 | -0.06 | 0.17 | - | 0.73 | 0.58 | 0.73 | -0.75 | -0.64 | -0.56 | |
| Mean IGES (child behavior) | -0.53 | -0.71 | -0.57 | |||||||||
| Mean Total IGES | -0.41 | -0.43 | -0.35 | |||||||||
Note: Means (M), standard deviations (SD), intra-group effect sizes (ES), and inter-group effect sizes (IGES) for intervention (I) and control group (CG) for pre, post, 1- and 2-year Follow-up (FU). Sample sizes: I = 28, CG = 31. PPQ = Positive Parenting Questionnaire, higher scores indicate higher amount of positive parenting; PS = Parenting Scale, higher scores indicate higher dysfunctional parenting.