Table 2.

Subjects' baseline characteristics and pupillometry parameters

Flash	Parameters	Healthy Volunteers	Diabetic		p values
			Without CAN	With CAN	p1	p2	p3
	Number of subjects	16	15 (9 Type 1, 7 Type 2)	5 (2 Type 1, 3 Type 2)	-	-	-
	Gender (M/F)	9/7	14/1	4/1	-	-	-
	Age (years)	44 ± 13	51 ± 11	49 ± 4	ns	ns	ns
	Duration of diabetes (years)	-	20 ± 11	20 ± 15	-	-	ns
	HbA1c (%)	-	8.3 ± 1.1	10.2 ± 2.1	-	-	ns
	Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	120 ± 13	143 ± 20	145 ± 14	*	*	ns
	Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	74 ± 6	78 ± 9	86 ± 8	ns	*	ns
10th	Ratio P/I preceding the 10th flash	0.33 ± 0.050	0.26 ± 0.024	0.28 ± 0.071	$	ns	ns
	Latency to constriction (s)	0.35 ± 0.139	0.42 ± 0.126	0.44 ± 0.192	ns	ns	ns
	Latency to largest constriction (s)	0.68 ± 0.165	0.75 ± 0.133	0.68 ± 0.293	ns	ns	ns
	Ratio P/I at largest constriction	0.28 ± 0.049	0.24 ± 0.021	0.27 ± 0.076	*	ns	ns
25th	Ratio P/I preceding the 25th flash	0.32 ± 0.044	0.26 ± 0.022	0.30 ± 0.062	#	ns	ns
	Latency to constriction (s)	0.31 ± 0.125	0.36 ± 0.070	0.40 ± 0.155	ns	ns	ns
	Ratio P/I at largest constriction	0.27 ± 0.046	0.23 ± 0.020	0.25 ± 0.063	ns	ns	ns
	Latency to largest constriction (s)	0.69 ± 0.123	0.72 ± 0.054	0.79 ± 0.138	ns	ns	ns
	Ratio P/I of plateau	0.30 ± 0.041	0.25 ± 0.021	0.28 ± 0.060	$	ns	ns
	Latency to plateau (s)	0.95 ± 0.168	0.95 ± 0.082	1.35 ± 0.583	ns	#	#
	Duration of constriction (s)	0.64 ± 0.237	0.59 ± 0.145	0.95 ± 0.675	ns	ns	ns

[mean ± standard deviation] for the 25 flashes experiment. p₁ - Comparison between healthy volunteers and diabetic subjects without CAN. p₂ - Comparison between healthy volunteers and diabetic subjects with CAN. p₃ - Comparison between diabetic subjects without and with CAN. ns - not significant, * - p < 0.05, # - p < 0.01, and $ - p < 0.001.