Table 1.
Group differences in resting state fcMRI patterns observed in various brain diseases or conditions.
| Disease/condition | References | Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Alzheimer's | (Li et al., 2002; Greicius et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2006a,b, 2007; Allen et al., 2007; Supekar et al., 2008) | Decreased correlations within the DMN including hippocampi, decreased anticorrelations with the DMN, and reduced local connectivity as reflected in clustering coefficients |
| PIB positive | (Hedden et al., 2009; Sheline et al., 2010) | Decreased correlations within the DMN |
| Mild cognitive impairment | (Li et al., 2002; Sorg et al., 2007) | Decreased correlations within the DMN and decreased anticorrelations with the DMN. |
| Fronto-temporal dementia | (Seeley et al., 2007a, 2008) | Decreased correlations within the salience network |
| Healthy aging | (Andrews-Hanna et al., 2007; Damoiseaux et al., 2008) | Decreased correlations within the DMN |
| Multiple sclerosis | (Lowe et al., 2002; De Luca et al., 2005) | Decreased correlations within the somatomotor network |
| ALS | (Mohammadi et al., 2009) | Decreased connectivity within the DMN and within the somatomotor network (esp. premotor cortex) |
| Depression | (Anand et al., 2005a,b, 2009; Greicius et al., 2007; Bluhm et al., 2009a) | Variable: Decreased corticolimbic connectivity (esp. with dorsal anterior cingulate), increased connectivity within the DMN (esp. subgenual prefrontal cortex), decreased connectivity between DMN and caudate |
| Bipolar | (Anand et al., 2009) | Decreased corticolimbic connectivity |
| PTSD | (Bluhm et al., 2009c) | Decreased connectivity within the DMN |
| Schizophrenia | (Liang et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2006, 2008; Bluhm et al., 2007, 2009b; Salvador et al., 2007; Zhou et al., 2007; Jafri et al., 2008; Whitfield-Gabrieli et al., 2009) | Variable: Decreased or increased correlations within the DMN. Decreased, increased or unchanged correlations and anticorrelations between the DMN and other systems. |
| Schizophrenia 1° relatives | (Whitfield-Gabrieli et al., 2009) | Increased connectivity within the DMN |
| ADHD | (Zhu et al., 2005, 2008; Cao et al., 2006; Tian et al., 2006; Zang et al., 2007; Castellanos et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2009) | Variable: reduced connectivity within the DMN, reduced anticorrelations with the DMN, increased connectivity in the salience network |
| Autism | (Cherkassky et al., 2006; Kennedy and Courchesne, 2008; Monk et al., 2009; Weng et al., 2010) | Decreased connectivity within the DMN (although hippocampus is variable and connectivity may be increased in younger patients) |
| Tourette syndrome | (Church et al., 2009) | Delayed maturation of task-control and cingulo-opercular networks |
| Epilepsy | (Waites et al., 2006; Lui et al., 2008; Bettus et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2009b,c) | Variable: decreased connectivity in multiple networks including the medial temporal lobe, decreased connectivity within the DMN (esp. in patients with generalized seizures) |
| Blindness | (Liu et al., 2007; Yu et al., 2008) | Decreased connectivity within the visual cortices and between visual cortices and other sensory and multimodal regions |
| Chronic pain | (Greicius et al., 2008a; Cauda et al., 2009a,c,d) | Variable: Increased/decreased connectivity within the salience network, decreased connectivity in attention networks |
| Neglect | (He et al., 2007) | Decreased connectivity within the dorsal and ventral attention networks |
| Coma/vegetative state | (Boly et al., 2009; Cauda et al., 2009b; Vanhaudenhuyse et al., 2010) | Progressively decreased DMN connectivity with progressive states of impaired consciousness |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | (Etkin et al., 2009) | increased connectivity between amygdala and frontoparietal control network and decreased connectivity between amygdala and salience network |
DMN = default mode network including regions in the posterior cingulate/precuneus, lateral parietal cortex, medial temporal lobes, and medial prefrontal cortex (see Figure 1). Salience network: includes regions in the dorsal anterior cingulate and bilateral fronto/insular cortices; dACC = dorsal anterior cingulated cortex; PIB = Pittsburg compound B, a marker of amyloid plaque accumulation in the brain. PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Note: some references (Greicius et al., 2004; He et al., 2007) reflect “near-rest” conditions in which task-related variance has been minimized and other references (Zhu et al., 2005, 2008; Cao et al., 2006; Zang et al., 2007) reflect local changes in spontaneous BOLD fluctuations as opposed to correlations in these fluctuations between separate regions.