TABLE 1.
Means and Standard Deviations of Major Variables in the Analyses
| Time of Assessment and Age of Participants | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | T7 (15–16) | T8 (17–18) | T10 (21–22) | T11 (23–24) | T12 (25–26) | Range of Scores |
| Self-reported | ||||||
| Helpinga | 3.10 (.61) | 3.23 (.57) | 3.02 (.62) | 3.01 (.46) | 3.17 (.52) | 1.85–4.69 |
| Sympathyb | 3.94 (.77) | 3.98 (.69) | 3.87 (.69) | 4.06 (.58) | 3.99 (.61) | 1.43–5.00 |
| Perspective takingb | 3.39 (.70) | 3.33 (.74) | 3.63 (.70) | 3.69 (.65) | 3.74 (.72) | 1.57–5.00 |
| Personal distressb | 2.57 (.70) | 2.35 (.64) | 2.28 (.60) | 2.25 (.49) | 2.15 (.68) | 1.00–4.14 |
| Moral judgment | ||||||
| Level 1c | .15 (.11) | .16 (.14) | .13 (.12) | .14 (.17) | 0–.78 | |
| Level 2c | .43 (.22) | .43 (.17) | .24 (.09) | .23 (.07) | .05–1.00 | |
| Level 3c | .15 (.12) | .17 (.12) | .21 (.15) | .23 (.16) | 0–.75 | |
| Level 4c | .19 (.16) | .15 (.11) | .31 (.18) | .27 (.16) | 0–.65 | |
| Level 5c | .07 (.12) | .10 (.11) | .12 (.14) | .12 (.12) | 0–.55 | |
| Composite scored | 2.54 (.42) | 2.60 (.35) | 2.92 (.42) | 2.87 (.45) | 1.00–3.59 | |
Note. Means are based on the participants who had data at all time periods (ns = .31 for questionnaires and ns = 28 for the prosocial moral interview). No T9 questionnaire scores were used because either the score was missing or rated on a scale that differed from other assessments.
a
Shortened version of Rushton et al.’s (1981) scale (5-point).
b
From the IRI (Davis, 1983); scored on a 5-point scale.
c
The levels are proportion scores.
d
This score can be multiplied by 100 to obtain scores similar to the summary scores used by Kohlberg and others studying justice-oriented moral reasoning.