Figure 1.

AFM images of PAA fabricated in 0.3 M oxalic acid at 0°C for 24 h with very good regulation (a) and its three-dimensional structure (b), c general AFM image of typical PAA fabricated in 0.3 M oxalic acid at 15°C for 1 h, d line profile analysis along line 2 indicated in c, and e height fluctuation profile of PAA surface by combining the X and Y axes. All images have an area of 500 nm × 500 nm