Directed DRG cell outgrowth in complex patterns of microchannels inscribed within hydrogels. (a) Inscription of the shape of the Technion University symbol is shown in a hydrogel-B construct before and after 6 days of DRG-cell invasion into the microchannels; immunolabeling of the DRG cells with βIII-tubulin (neural marker, red) and DAPI (nuclei, blue) is shown (scale bar = 100 μm). (b) An inscription of the word “nerve” is shown in a hydrogel-C construct using the nanosecond (left) and femtosecond (right) laser systems, with the DRG cells invading on day 3 (scale bar = 100 μm). (c) A 3D pattern of a microchannel is shown in a hydrogel-C construct (nanosecond laser system). DRG cell invasion into the microchannel is shown on days 1, 2, and 3, where cells traverse the focal plane as a function of the Z-axis position of the microchannel inside the hydrogel (scale bar = 100 μm).