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Risk Factors for Osteoporosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
| Increasing age |
| Use of corticosteroids |
| Malnutrition |
| Low BMI |
| Malabsorption of vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin K |
| Immobilization |
| Previous fragility fracture |
| Hypogonadism |
| Smoking |
| Chronic inflammatory state including imbalance of the RANK- |
| RANKL OPG system |
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; RANK = receptor activator of NF-κB; RANKL = receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; OPG = osteoprotegerin.
