Fig. 4.

Effects of gender on the jejunal and ileal glucuronidation of emodin. Glucuronidation of emodin by jejunal and ileal microsomes of male (solid bars) and female (open bars) rats were measured at three concentrations of a 2.5 μM, b 10 μM, and c 40 μM. Rates of glucuronidation were expressed as nanomoles per hour per milligram. Different concentrations of microsomal protein (0.1 mg/mL for 2.5 μM of emodin; 0.25 mg/mL for 10 μM of emodin; and 0.5 mg/mL for 40 μM of substrate) were used to limit the extent of metabolism to <30%. Each bar is the average of three determinations, and the error bars are the standard deviations of the mean (n = 3). The symbol (arrow with percent difference) indicates a statistically significant difference in glucuronidation rates between genders