Table 1.
Studies along with mean age, sample sizes (N), directed forgetting effects (df) and age effects for TBR items
| Study | Mean age young | Mean age old | N young | N old | DF effect young | DF effect old | Age effect TBR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item method studies | |||||||
| Collette, Germain, Hogge, & Van der Linden (2009) | 24.2 | 67.0 | 40 | 40 | 1.79 | 1.29 | 1.08 |
| Dulaney, Marks, & Link (2004, Expt. 1) | 24.8 | 72.4 | 24 | 24 | 0.64 | 0.29 | 0.80 |
| Dulaney, Marks, & Link (2004, Expt. 2) | 19.1 | 71.7 | 20 | 20 | 0.44 | 0.27 | 0.48 |
| Earles & Kersten (2002, ‘performed’ group) | 19.2 | 73.3 | 27 | 27 | 0.30 | 0.41 | 1.47 |
| Earles & Kersten (2002, ‘not performed’ group) | 19.2 | 73.3 | 27 | 27 | 2.62 | 0.94 | 1.92 |
| Gamboz & Russo (2002, ‘deep’ condition) | 22.0 | 68.0 | 10 | 10 | 1.58 | 1.49 | 1.91 |
| Gamboz & Russo (2002, ‘shallow’ condition) | 22.0 | 68.0 | 10 | 10 | 3.26 | 1.36 | 1.68 |
| Gamboz & Russo (2002, ‘control’ condition) | 22.0 | 68.0 | 10 | 10 | 5.26 | 2.40 | 2.94 |
| Hogge, Adam, & Collette (2008) | 23.6 | 66.0 | 33 | 27 | 0.95 | 0.28 | 0.84 |
| Salthouse, Siedlecki & Krueger (2006) | 28.3 | 70.8 | 89 | 106 | 2.14 | 1.24 | 0.84 |
| Sego, Golding & Gottlob (2006) Exp. 1A | 19.0 | 72.2 | 30 | 30 | 4.74 | 2.00 | 2.23 |
| Sego, Golding & Gottlob (2006) Exp. 1B | 19.0 | 72.2 | 30 | 30 | 2.29 | 1.39 | 0.82 |
| Zacks, Radvansky, & Hasher (1996) Exp. 1A | 19.4 | 68.2 | 24 | 24 | 2.63 | 1.90 | 1.64 |
| Zacks, Radvansky, & Hasher (1996) Exp. 1B | 21.5 | 70.6 | 24 | 24 | 2.32 | 1.91 | 1.19 |
| List method studies | |||||||
| Sahakan, Delaney & Goodmon (2008) Exp. 1 | 20.0 | 76.9 | 64 | 64 | 0.83 | 0.25 | 0.83 |
| Sahakan, Delaney & Goodmon (2008) Exp. 2 | 19.1 | 74.7 | 64 | 64 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.28 |
| Sego, Golding & Gottlob (2006) Exp. 2Aa | 18. 7 | 71.7 | 30 | 30 | 0.72 | 0.85 | 1.57 |
| Sego, Golding & Gottlob (2006) Exp. 2Ba | 18. 7 | 71.7 | 30 | 30 | 0.53 | 0.46 | 3.26 |
| Zacks, Radvansky, & Hasher (1996, Expt. 2, recall) | 19.3 | 70.5 | 24 | 24 | 1.46 | 0.44 | 1.11 |
| Zacks, Radvansky, & Hasher (1996, Expt. 2, recog.) | 21.7 | 68.8 | 24 | 24 | 0.89 | 0.44 | 0.57 |
| Zellner & Bäumel (2006) Expt. 1 | 21.3 | 72.6 | 18 | 18 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 1.65 |
| Zellner & Bäumel (2006) Expt. 2, output order 1 | 22.6 | 71.2 | 12 | 12 | 0.50 | 0.72 | 1.11 |
| Zellner & Bäumel (2006) Expt. 2, output order 2 | 22.6 | 71.2 | 12 | 12 | 0.69 | 0.55 | 1.31 |
| Zellner & Bäumel (2006) Expt. 3 | 23.0 | 69.8 | 48 | 48 | 0.58 | 0.72 | 1.10 |
a
Directed forgetting effects averaged across tasks (items “to-be-learned” and “items-to-be-judged”); no interaction for memory cue (remember, forget) × list (List 1, List 2) × task (learn; judge) occurred.