Table 2.
Distributions of paternal support, chronic stress (Perceived Stress Scale), and life event stress by major demographic characteristics
| Low paternal support n (row %) | Moderate-to-high paternal support n (row %) | Low chronic stress n (row %) | Moderate chronic stress n (row %) | High chronic stress n (row %) | No life events n (row %) | 1 life event n (row %) | 2+ life events n (row %) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||||
| <20 | 35 (15.5) | 191 (84.5) | 90 (39.7) | 89 (39.2) | 48 (21.2) | 104 (45.2) | 67 (29.1) | 59 (25.7) |
| 20–24 | 41 (8.5) | 439 (91.5) | 182 (38.5) | 205 (43.3) | 86 (18.2) | 208 (43.6) | 138 (28.9) | 131 (27.5) |
| 25–29 | 41 (6.9) | 557 (93.1) | 291 (48.7) | 202 (33.8) | 104 (17.4) | 278 (46.4) | 187 (31.2) | 134 (22.4) |
| 30–34 | 28 (4.8) | 555 (95.2) | 316 (54.4) | 210 (36.1) | 55 (9.5) | 309 (52.8) | 169 (28.9) | 107 (18.3) |
| 35+ | 33 (9.2) | 325 (90.8) | 211 (58.8) | 119 (33.2) | 29 (8.1) | 190 (52.3) | 97 (26.7) | 76 (20.9) |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 18 (4.6) | 374 (95.4) | 262 (66.2) | 104 (26.3) | 30 (7.6) | 209 (52.6) | 108 (27.2) | 80 (20.2) |
| Latina | 130 (8.6) | 1384 (91.4) | 668 (44.4) | 593 (39.5) | 242 (16.1) | 744 (49.1) | 435 (28.7) | 336 (22.2) |
| Black | 21 (13.9) | 130 (86.1) | 65 (42.5) | 55 (36.0) | 33 (21.6) | 39 (24.8) | 59 (37.6) | 59 (37.6) |
| Asiana or otherb | 9 (5.1) | 166 (94.9) | 91 (52.9) | 65 (37.8) | 16 (9.3) | 88 (50.9) | 55 (31.8) | 30 (17.3) |
| Maternal education (years) | ||||||||
| ≤8 | 16 (5.4) | 278 (94.6) | 113 (38.8) | 135 (46.4) | 43 (14.8) | 184 (61.7) | 69 (23.2) | 45 (15.1) |
| 9–11 | 57 (12.2) | 412 (87.9) | 185 (39.4) | 196 (41.7) | 89 (18.9) | 232 (49.0) | 141 (29.8) | 101 (21.3) |
| 12 | 58 (9.4) | 557 (90.6) | 270 (44.1) | 245 (40.0) | 98 (16.0) | 250 (40.9) | 197 (32.2) | 165 (27.0) |
| 13–15 | 28 (8.1) | 320 (92.0) | 184 (53.3) | 104 (30.1) | 57 (16.5) | 146 (41.7) | 106 (30.3) | 98 (28.0) |
| 16+ | 17 (3.5) | 465 (96.5) | 321 (66.5) | 132 (27.3) | 30 (6.2) | 261 (53.7) | 132 (27.2) | 93 (19.1) |
| Parity | ||||||||
| ≥1 | 107 (7.8) | 1263 (92.2) | 626 (45.9) | 537 (39.4) | 201 (14.7) | 654 (47.8) | 402 (29.4) | 312 (22.8) |
| 0 | 71 (8.1) | 804 (91.9) | 464 (53.2) | 288 (33.0) | 121 (13.9) | 435 (49.1) | 256 (28.9) | 195 (22.0) |
| Household income | ||||||||
| <$40,000/year | 133 (9.9) | 1212 (90.1) | 576 (43.0) | 543 (40.5) | 222 (16.6) | 599 (44.5) | 396 (29.4) | 351 (26.1) |
| ≥$40,000/year | 11 (2.0) | 542 (98.0) | 369 (66.5) | 150 (27.0) | 36 (6.5) | 301 (54.0) | 158 (28.4) | 98 (17.6) |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single, separated, or divorced | 117 (26.7) | 321 (73.3) | 153 (33.7) | 186 (41.0) | 115 (25.3) | 148 (33.0) | 159 (35.4) | 142 (31.6) |
| Living together | 36 (6.8) | 491 (93.2) | 237 (46.1) | 207 (40.3) | 70 (13.6) | 247 (46.9) | 135 (25.6) | 145 (27.5) |
| Married | 23 (1.8) | 1248 (98.2) | 698 (55.4) | 428 (34.0) | 133 (10.6) | 691 (54.5) | 360 (28.4) | 218 (17.2) |
| Primary source of payment for prenatal care | ||||||||
| Private insurance or self pay | 48 (5.2) | 884 (94.9) | 554 (59.6) | 287 (30.9) | 88 (9.5) | 469 (49.9) | 273 (29.0) | 198 (21.1) |
| Other insurance or no insurancec | 130 (9.9) | 1179 (90.1) | 535 (41.0) | 536 (41.1) | 234 (17.9) | 618 (47.2) | 384 (29.3) | 308 (23.5) |
aIncludes Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Thai, Laotian, Filipino, Indian, other Asian
bIncludes Native American, Eskimo, Aleut, Hawaiian, Guamanian, Samoan, Pacific Islanders, and others
cIncludes Medicaid, Medicare, Worker’s compensation, Title V, No charge, Medically indigent, Medi-Cal CPS Program, no prenatal care, and other government and non-government programs