Table 1.
Recent clinical trials using RNA-transfected DCs.
| Cancer type | RNA source/target | Vaccination schedule | Number of study subjects | Immunological response | Clinical response | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorectal cancer | Total autologous tumor | 106 DCs pulsed with 25 μg RNA and KLH intravenously 4 times on monthly intervals. | 15 | NA | NA | [73] |
| Adenocar-cinoma (lung) | Total autologous tumor | 3 × 107 DCs transfected with 300 μg RNA intravenously, followed by 106 DCs transfected with 10 μg RNA intradermally 4 times on monthly intervals. | 1 | 1/1 | NA | [93] |
| Pancreatic cancer | CEA | 107 DCs transfected with 20 μg RNA intradermally 6 times on monthly intervals. | 3 | NA | NA | [65] |
| Prostate | PSA | 107–5 × 107 DCs transfected with 1.5 μg RNA/106 DCs intravenously, 3 times biweekly with escalating dose and 107 DCs intradermally. | 16 | 9/9 | NA | [64] |
| CEA-expressing cancers | CEA | 107-108 DCs transfected with 2 μg RNA/106 DCs intravenously and 0–106 trasnfected DCs intradermally 4 times biweekly. | 42 | NA | NA | [94] |
| RCC | Total autologous tumor | 107–5 × 107 DCs transfected with 50 μg RNA/107 DCs intravenously, 3 times biweekly with escalating dose and 107 DCs intradermally. | 15 | 6/7 | NA | [72] |
| Brain cancer | Total autologous tumor | 0.5–5 × 107 DCs/m2 transfected with 5 μg RNA/ 106 DCs intravenously and 0.5 × 107 DCs/m2 intradermally, 3 times biweekly with escalating dose, 3 times at 3-month intervals. | 9 | NA | 2/7 SD | [95] |
| Neuroblas-toma | Total autologous tumor | 0.5–5 × 107 DCs/m2 transfected with 5 μg RNA/106 DCs intravenously and 0.5 × 107 DCs/m2 intradermally, 3 times biweekly with excalating dose, 3 times at 3-month intervals. | 11 | NA | 1/7 SD | [96] |
| RCC, OVA | Total tumor from clear cell carcinoma tissue | Arm 1: 107 DCs electroporated with 5 μg RNA/106 DCs intradermally, 3 times biweekly, 18 μg/kg DAB389 IL-2 prior to vaccination. Arm 2: 107 DCs electroporated with 5 μg RNA/106 DCs intradermally, 3 times biweekly. |
11 Arm 1: 7 Arm 2: 4 |
10/11 Arm 1: 7/7 Arm 2: 3/4 |
NA | [83] |
| Prostate | hTERT, LAMP hTERT | Arm 1: 107 DCs electroporated with 1 μg hTERT RNA/106 DCs intradermally, 3 (6 patients) or 6 (5 patients) times weekly. Arm 2: 107 DCs electroporated with 1 μg LAMP hTERT RNA/106 DCs intradermally, 3 (6 patients) or 6 (3 patients) times weekly. |
20 Arm 1: 11 Arm 2: 9 |
17/18 | NA | [97] |
| Prostate | Total tumor from prostate cancer cell lines DU145, LNCaP, PC-3 | 2 × 107 electroporated DCs intranodally or intradermally, at least 4 times weekly. | 19 | 12/19 | 11/19 SD | [98] |
| Melanoma | Total autologous tumor | Arm 1: 2 × 107 electroporated DCs intradermally 4 times weekly. Arm 2: 2 × 107 electroporated DCs intranodally 4 times weekly. |
22 Arm 1: 10 Arm 2: 12 |
9/19 | 2/20 | [68] |
| Melanoma | Mage-A3, Mage-C2, tyrosinase, gp100 | 1.25 × 107 electroporated TriMix DCs intradermally, 4 times biweekly. | 3 | 2/2 | NA | [71] |
NA: Not applicable; SD: Stable disease.