Table 3.

Summary of association studies of TNFα promoter polymorphisms with SLE.

Reference	Population	SLE/controls	Polymorphisms	Associations
Jiménez-Morales et al. (2009) [42]	Mexican	328/400	−238/−308	Increased −308A in SLE. No association with −238.
Lin et al. (2009) [43]	Taiwanese	162/213	−308	No association with susceptibility −308A associated with malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity, oral ulcers and serositis.
Hirankarn et al. (2007) [74]	Thai	154/154	−238/−308/−863	Increased −863A/−308G/−238G haplotype in SLE
Guarnizo-Zuccardi et al. (2007) [31]	Colombian	120/102	−308	Increased −308A in SLE and association with anti-Sm and anti-SSa antibodies
Lee et al. (2006) [77]	Meta-analysis	3060/4479	−308	Increased −308 AA in European, but not in Asian populations
Schotte et al. (2005) [78]	German Caucasian	205/157	microsatellites −308	Increased TNFd1 and −308A in SLE
Takeuchi et al. (2005) [79]	Japanese	61/111	microsatellites	No association
Tobon et al. (2005) [80]	Colombian	113/65	−308	No association
Parks et al. (2004) [81]	North American	230/276	−238/−308	Increased −308A in Caucasians, but not in African Americans
Azizah et al. (2004) [82]	Chinese	70/59	−308	Increased −308A in SLE and associated with central nervous system involvement and with anti-SSb antibodies
Correa et al. (2004) [38]	Colombian	100/430	−308	Increased −308A in SLE
Suarez et al. (2004) [45]	Spanish	248/343	−308	Increased −308A in SLE and association with anti-SSa antibodies
Rood et al. (2000) [44]	Caucasian	99/177	−238/−308	Increased −308A in SLE
van der Linden et al. (2001) [46]	Caucasian	91/253	−308	Increased −308A in SLE
Zuñiga et al. (2001) [83]	Mexican mestizo	51/55	−238/−308	No association with −308. Increased −238A in SLE
Tsuchiya et al. (2001) [84]	Southern California	91 families	−238/−308	No association
Wang et al. (1999) [85]	Han ethnic group (China)	89/70	−308	Increased −308A in SLE and associated with anti-SSa antibodies and lupus nephritis
Tarassi et al. (1998) [86]	Greek	46/62	microsatellites	Increased TNF a11, a2, b3 in SLE (linkage disequilibrium with HLA)
Hajeer et al. (1997) [87]	Caucasian	91/109	microsatellites	Increased TNF a2, b3, d2 in SLE and associated with photosensitivity and Raynaud's phenomenon
Chen et al. (1997) [88]	Chinese	100/107	−308	No association
Rudwaleit et al. (1996) [89]	Anglo-Saxon South African	49 white 49 black	−238/−308	Increased −308A in white UK (linkage disequilibrium with DR3)
DAlfonso et al. (1996) [39]	Italian	123/199	microsatellites −238/−308	No association
Fong et al. (1996) [41]	Chinese	67/89	−308	No association
Danis et al. (1995) [40]	Anglo-Saxon	40/57	−308	Increased −308A in SLE and associated with DR3
Wilson et al. (1994) [90]	Caucasian	81/168	−308	Increased −308A in SLE and associated with anti-SSa/SSb autoantibodies