Table 1.
Demographic, health history, lifestyle, and obstetric/gynecologic characteristics of the EPI Study sample, overall and by continence status and race1.
| Overall % | Black % | Continent White % | p-value | Stress Urinary Incontinent | Urge Urinary Incontinent | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black % | White % | p-value | Black % | White % | p-value | |||||
| Demographics | ||||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 35–44 | 37.9 | 36.7 | 52.7 | 0.11 | 23.5 | 19.6 | 0.40 | 35.3 | 36.4 | 0.45 |
| 45–54 | 34.9 | 41.5 | 27.6 | 55.3 | 42.5 | 37.9 | 24.5 | |||
| ≥55 | 27.2 | 21.8 | 19.7 | 21.2 | 37.9 | 26.8 | 39.1 | |||
| Education level (years completed) | ||||||||||
| <12 | 6.6 | 7.3 | 0.0 | 0.003 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 0.68 | 3.8 | 16.8 | 0.006 |
| 12 | 21.4 | 18.0 | 11.0 | 36.5 | 32.5 | 17.3 | 28.3 | |||
| 13–15 | 34.2 | 42.3 | 34.3 | 37.4 | 28.4 | 57.0 | 18.6 | |||
| ≥16 | 37.8 | 32.5 | 54.7 | 17.6 | 31.0 | 21.9 | 36.2 | |||
| Currently working for pay | 66.1 | 62.0 | 71.3 | 0.20 | 74.0 | 60.8 | 0.27 | 59.1 | 68.0 | 0.44 |
| Household income ($) | ||||||||||
| <35,000 | 28.1 | 27.1 | 14.9 | 0.14 | 42.9 | 36.4 | 0.75 | 21.6 | 43.1 | 0.15 |
| 35,000–69,999 | 18.5 | 17.9 | 17.7 | 26.3 | 22.9 | 21.9 | 11.1 | |||
| ≥70,000 | 53.4 | 55.0 | 67.4 | 30.8 | 40.7 | 56.5 | 45.8 | |||
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Married/Living together | 51.1 | 44.5 | 55.6 | 0.02 | 26.9 | 54.2 | 0.19 | 39.6 | 62.3 | 0.09 |
| Never Married | 14.8 | 17.0 | 20.3 | 14.8 | 10.8 | 15.3 | 6.1 | |||
| Divorced/Separated | 31.6 | 30.7 | 24.1 | 55.3 | 33.8 | 39.4 | 31.6 | |||
| Widowed | 2.5 | 7.8 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 5.7 | 0.0 | |||
| Health history | ||||||||||
| Diabetes | 13.0 | 19.7 | 1.9 | <0.0001 | 9.7 | 17.0 | 0.42 | 19.3 | 18.7 | 0.95 |
| Mobility impairment | 11.4 | 9.5 | 5.9 | 0.36 | 18.0 | 19.1 | 0.91 | 19.9 | 8.6 | 0.15 |
| Constipation | 89.3 | 93.0 | 97.1 | 0.19 | 88.0 | 83.4 | 0.63 | 84.9 | 79.6 | 0.58 |
| Urinary tract infection | 12.0 | 10.4 | 11.1 | 0.88 | 13.8 | 8.9 | 0.52 | 14.3 | 17.4 | 0.73 |
| Chronic lung disease | 24.6 | 19.5 | 26.3 | 0.30 | 10.6 | 33.6 | 0.04 | 13.9 | 28.2 | 0.17 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||||||
| ≤25 | 22.8 | 13.2 | 29.1 | 0.02 | 17.1 | 21.9 | 0.62 | 6.5 | 31.1 | 0.03 |
| 26–35 | 47.7 | 55.1 | 53.4 | 43.1 | 49.7 | 38.5 | 34.4 | |||
| ≥36 | 29.5 | 31.7 | 17.4 | 39.8 | 28.5 | 55.0 | 34.5 | |||
| Depressive symptoms3 | 45.3 | 45.4 | 36.0 | 0.21 | 46.8 | 41.4 | 0.67 | 58.1 | 60.7 | 0.83 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||||||
| Exercise involving bouncing at least once a week | 34.1 | 35.8 | 46.8 | 0.15 | 20.5 | 25.7 | 0.63 | 24.3 | 27.5 | 0.76 |
| Lift or carry ≥30 pounds more than once a week | 69.9 | 66.2 | 78.1 | 0.08 | 57.3 | 79.1 | 0.15 | 50.4 | 62.6 | 0.31 |
| Current cigarette smoking | 26.7 | 23.8 | 15.0 | 0.14 | 24.1 | 41.7 | 0.15 | 26.8 | 35.9 | 0.43 |
| Drink >8 glasses fluid per day | 37.5 | 37.4 | 28.2 | 0.20 | 26.4 | 52.0 | 0.04 | 38.2 | 42.0 | 0.75 |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic history | ||||||||||
| Vaginal parity (number of vaginal births) | ||||||||||
| 0 | 31.3 | 20.0 | 54.5 | <0.0001 | 11.5 | 22.8 | 0.10 | 16.7 | 27.8 | 0.32 |
| 1–2 | 37.1 | 44.2 | 30.1 | 30.9 | 45.5 | 46.1 | 29.6 | |||
| ≥3 | 31.6 | 36.7 | 15.4 | 57.6 | 31.7 | 37.2 | 42.6 | |||
| Current estrogen use | 13.1 | 8.5 | 6.9 | 0.68 | 13.6 | 18.0 | 0.64 | 20.0 | 21.5 | 0.88 |
| Prior surgery for prolapse or urinary incontinence | 7.7 | 1.5 | 6.4 | 0.12 | 7.6 | 8.9 | 0.86 | 7.3 | 17.3 | 0.24 |
| Menopause | 42.7 | 41.6 | 28.7 | 0.08 | 37.3 | 50.6 | 0.29 | 47.3 | 61.0 | 0.26 |
| Prior hysterectomy | 21.6 | 23.6 | 8.5 | 0.006 | 23.5 | 27.0 | 0.75 | 30.3 | 32.6 | 0.84 |
1
Data are weighted hence no sample sizes are indicated.
2
Chi-square p-value for comparison between Black and White women within continence category.
3
Self-reported feelings of sadness, depression, and/or loneliness in the prior week.